专著推荐 | 适合语言教师的开放教育资源（OER）有哪些？

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教育公平和知识分享一直以来都是教育的核心诉求。信息技术的发展，以及开源开放的理念日益深入人心，为优质教育资源的共建共享提供了良好的技术条件和社会环境。^[1]

2001年，美国麻省理工学院（MIT）启动开放课件计划（OpenCourseWare，OCW）。

2002年，联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）正式提出“开放教育资源”（Open Educational Resources，OER）的概念。

此后，大量的国际组织、国家、各级行政单位和教育机构等对开放教育资源表现出了极大的热情。

2003年，我国教育部关于启动高等学校教学质量与教学改革工程精品课程建设工作。

2007年，《教育部财政部关于实施高等学校本科教学质量与教学改革工程的意见》中提出“积极推进网络教育资源开发和共享平台建设，建设面向全国高校的精品课程和立体化教材的数字化资源中心”。

2012年，教育部发布的《教育信息化十年发展规划（2011-2020）》中明确提出的促进优质教育资源普及共享。

这些为我国开放教育资源的建设和研究提供了政策上的支持。

2019年11月，联合国教科文组织通过《开放教育资源建议书》（Recommendation concerning Open Educational Resources [OER]）决议。

在《美国2020研究报告：数字化学习创新的10个趋势》中，开放教育资源作为7个主要趋势的第二点再次受到了关注。^[2]

• 自适应学习（Adaptive Learning）

• 开放教育资源（Open Education Resources）

• 游戏化和基于游戏的学习（Gamification and Game-based Learning）

• 慕课（Massive Open Online Courses，MOOCs）

• 学习管理系统与互通性（Learning Management Systems and Interoperability）

• 移动性和移动设备（Mobility and Mobile Devices）

• 设计（Design）

• 混合学习（Blended learning）

• 数据管理界面（Dashboards）

• 虚拟现实与人工智能（Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence）

由于语言的交际特性，这些技术革新对语言教学，尤其是外语教学领域的影响尤为显著。外语教师除了在日常教学中广泛运用网络、多媒体等技术外，还开始关注和研究非正式学习中新技术带来的挑战。研究者们也将更多目光投向技术革新和新的学习范式对外语教学的作用。

上海外语教育出版社（以下简称外教社）引进的正是聚焦新的技术环境下，以学习者为中心的语言教学的实践经验和理论发展，探索分析新技术对语言教学课堂内外的深远影响。

“语言教学新环境丛书”，上海外语教育出版社，2020年

专著推荐 | 一对一语言教学中的学习策略

小编选取了这套丛书中的《开发在线语言教学：基于研究的教学法和反思实践》，和大家分享适合语言教师的开放教育资源。

《开发在线语言教学：基于研究的教学法和反思实践》，上海外语教育出版社，2020年

扫码即可直接购书

需要特别说明的是，作为研究的一部分，作者在书中所附的网站链接可为读者提供教学资源和参考，其中内容还须读者注意甄别。

关于开放教育资源

01

开放教育资源的概念和定义几经讨论和修改，目前最为广泛接受的概念来源于2012年联合国教科文组织发布的《2012年开放教育资源巴黎宣言》：“指以各种媒介（数字化或其他形式）为载体的教与学材料和研究材料，这些材料在公有领域提供，或以开放许可授权的形式提供，不加限制或几乎不加限制地允许其他人免费获取、使用、改编和重新发表。”

OER

《开发在线语言教学：基于研究的教学法和反思实践》中指出，对于教师来说，开放教育资源的益处包括：

｜BENEFITS｜

■ the license for reuse, which reduces fear around copyright infringement;

■having additional material to match students’ interests and preferences;

■enabling teachers to provide content they would lack the skills, resources or time to create;

■ benchmarking teachers' own practice in terms of content, approach and quality;

■ allowing them to teach topics beyond their areas of expertise;

■ stimulating networking and collaboration.

（p. 100）

常见的开放教育资源类型有：

■ Institutional OER repositories;

■ Community repositories;

■ National/international repository initiatives;

■ Open courses;

■ Open sharing websites.

（p. 105）

给教师的建议 

02

开放教育资源的优点显而易见：向学生提供更广泛的内容，扩展资源的使用范围，有利于实现终身学习，帮助提高教师的教学和数字化技术水平等。可以说，开放教育资源对教师的教学和未来职业发展来说是必不可少的。

然而，开放教育资源的发展也存在阻碍：教师需要花费额外的时间和精力学习新知识和新技能，从而更从容地搜索、评价、创造、改编和重新使用开放教育资源。

OER

因此，《开发在线语言教学：基于研究的教学法和反思实践》也为刚开始接触开放教育资源的语言教师提供了一些可行的建议：

｜SUGGESTIONS｜

■Explore whether your educational institution has an OER repository which you can use.

■Join a community repository which suits your interests/discipline area.

■Think about how you might get one of your own resources ready for sharing. Imagine how your resource could be used in other contexts and think of keyword tags to illustrate some of these possibilities. Ensure the title and descriptive information for your resource is sufficient for others to know what it contains and how it could be used for learning.

■'Dip your toe in' first: start by sharing small, exemplar pieces of your work and see what the reaction is, and how you feel about doing this.

■When you publish an OER, promote it via social media sites.

（p. 108）

在使用或建设开放教育资源的过程中，语言教师可能还需要联系自身的教学实际对相关资源进行评价和定位。为此，《开发在线语言教学：基于研究的教学法和反思实践》列举了一些简单的问题，帮助教师从使用者和贡献者两个角度来审视资源。

从使用者的角度：

Q

• What kinds of resources can you find here: big OER or small OER; courses or materials?

• Could you use them in your own teaching or learning? How might you use them?

• Is it easy to browse and search for appropriate resources?

• Is it clear whether you can adapt and reuse the resources?

• Is it possible to review resources or leave comments about resources on the site? What kinds of comments have been added?

• Are there other kinds of feedback available on the site, such as ratings?

从贡献者的角度：

Q

• Can anyone register to share resources on the site?

• Do you feel you could share some of your resources on the site? Why? Why not?

• Is it possible to review resources or leave comments about resources on the site? How do you feel about this?

• Is there a sense of community associated with the repository?

（pp.108-109）

适合语言教师的开放教育资源 

03

除了介绍开放教育资源的发展和现状，分析利弊，提供建议和反思性问题，《开发在线语言教学：基于研究的教学法和反思实践》还列举了目前发展较好的语言学习类开放教育资源网站，方便读者朋友依据自身情况仔细甄别使用。

向上滑动阅览

COERLL

http://www.coerll.utexas.edu/coerll/

Centre for Open Educational Resources and Language Learning, one of 15 National Foreign Language Resource Centers funded by the US Department of Education.

Community Café

https://www.llas.ac.uk/projects/6192

A project to create and share online materials to support the teaching of community languages in the UK.

Connexions

http://cnx.org/

A repository and a content management system optimized for the delivery of educational content.

Creative Commons

http://creativecommons.org/

A ‘nonprofit organization that enables the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools’.

EdShare

www.edshare.soton.ac.uk

The UK University of Southampton’s repository of teaching and learning materials.

FutureLearn

www.futurelearn.com

A provider of free online courses, owned by The Open University, UK.

HumBox

www.humbox.ac.uk

A repository to store, manage and publish humanities resources.

Jorum

http://www.jorum.ac.uk/

A repository of OER for Further and Higher Education in the UK.

KlasCement

http://www.klascement.net/

A digital educational resources network for teachers, supported by the Flemish government in Belgium.

LangOER

http://langoer.eun.org

A European project to enhance the teaching and learning of less used languages through OER/OEP.

LanguageBox

www.languagebox.ac.uk

A ‘repository to help you store, manage and publish your resources on the web’.

Learning Resource Exchange

http://www.eun.org/teaching/resources

A ‘service that enables schools to find educational content from many different countries and providers’.

LORO

http://loro.open.ac.uk/

Languages Open Resources Online is a collection of freely available resources for language teaching and learning, based at the Department of Languages at The Open University, UK.

Merlot

http://www.merlot.org/merlot/index.htm

A ‘free and open peer reviewed collection of online teaching and learning materials’.

OER Commons

www.oercommons.org

A ‘worldwide learning network of teaching and learning materials freely available online’.

OnStream

http://www.linksintolanguages.ac.uk/resources/2589

A project designed to link teachers of Russian in secondary, university and complementary schools in London, UK, to share resources and ideas on teaching.

Open Education Initiative

http://openeducationeuropa.eu

A portal to access all European OER for learners, teachers and researchers.

OpenLearn

www.open.edu/openlearn

A portal that gives free access to learning materials from The Open University, UK.

OpenLives

http://openlives.wordpress.com/

A project to digitize and publish as OER materials documenting the experiences of Spanish migrants to the UK and returning migrants to Spain.

OpenSpires

http://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/

A site where the University of Oxford, UK, shares ‘audio recordings of public lectures, teaching material, interviews with leading academics, and information about applying to the university’.

OTTER

http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/beyond-distance-research-alliance/projects/otter

A project to enable the production and release of high-quality open educational resources drawn from teaching materials delivered at the University of Leicester, UK.112 Anna Comas-Quinn and Kate Borthwick

School of Open

https://p2pu.org/en/schools/school-of-open/

A ‘global community of volunteers providing free online courses, face-to-face workshops, and innovative training programs on the meaning, application, and impact of “openness” in the digital age’.

TED Open Translation Project

https://www.ted.com/about/programs-initiatives/ted-open-translationproject

A global volunteer effort to subtitle TED Talks in different languages.

TESConnect

www.tes.co.uk

A UK-based site hosting a large collection of free teaching resources shared by a network of teachers.

UNED Abierta

www.uned.es/unedabierta

A portal to OER created by the UNED, Spain’s National Distance University.

Wikiwijs

http://www.wikiwijsleermiddelenplein.nl/start/

A platform where teachers can publish and download teaching materials, commissioned by the Ministry of Education in the Netherlands.

Xpert

http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/xpert/

A distributed repository of e-learning resources developed by the University of Nottingham, UK.

(pp.109-112)

我们国内的开放教育资源经过多年发展，也有大量的优质语言学习类和教师发展类资源网站、公众号、APP等涌现。例如：

2019年，外教社“爱听外语”有声移动学习系统（https://audio.sflep.com/）入选2019年度国家新闻出版署数字出版精品项目。

本系列的其他著作

—END—

[1]李云春, 邓国民. 开放教育资源运动的回顾与展望[J]. 团结, 2019, No.225(06):26-29.

[2]Joosten, T., et al. 2020. Digital Learning Innovation Trends. [R/OL] Everylearnereverywhere.org. Available at: <https://www.everylearnereverywhere.org/wp-content/uploads/Digital-Learning-Innovation-Trends-UPDATED-March-2020.pdf> [Accessed 16 July 2021].

（部分图片来源：Pixabay）

专著推荐 | 许宏晨《第二语言研究中的统计案例分析》

2020-11-06

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