《论语》Confucian Analects (5) 公冶长第五
公冶长第五
5.1 子谓公冶长，“可妻也。虽在缧绁之中，非其罪也。”以其子妻之。
The Master said of Kung-ye Ch'ang that he might be wived; although he was put in bonds, he had not been guilty of any crime. Accordingly, he gave him his own daughter to wife.
孔子谈到公冶长，说：“可以把女儿嫁给他。他虽然被关在监狱之中，但那不是他的罪过。”于是便把自己的女儿嫁给他。
【注释】 ①公冶长：孔子的学生，复姓公冶，名长。 ②妻：作动词用，读
qì，指把女于嫁给某人。 ③缧绁（[léi xiè）：捆绑犯人的绳索，这里代指监狱。子：古时儿女都称子，这里指女儿。
5.2 子谓南容，“邦有道，不废；邦无道，免於刑戮。”以其兄之子妻之。
Of Nan Yung he said that if the country were well governed he would not be out of office, and if it were in governed, he would escape punishment and disgrace. He gave him the daughter of his own elder brother to wife.
孔子谈到南容，说：“国家政治清明的时候有官做，国家政治黑暗的时候也不致被刑罚。”于是把自己的侄女嫁给他。
【注释】 ①南容：孔子的学生，姓南宫，名适，字子容。②兄之子：孔子的哥哥叫孟皮（《史记·孔子世家索隐》），先于孔子去世，所以孔子替他女儿主婚。
5.3 子谓子贱，“君子哉若人！鲁无君子者，斯焉取斯？”
The Master said of Tsze-chien, "Of superior virtue indeed is such a man! If there were not virtuous men in Lu, how could this man have acquired this character?"
孔子评论子贱说：“这个人真是个君子呀。如果鲁国没有君子的话，他是从哪里学到这种品德的呢？”
【注释】 (1)子贱：姓宓（音fú;）名不齐，字子贱。生于公元前521年，比孔子小49岁。(2)若人：这个，此人。(3)斯焉取斯：斯，此。第一个“斯”指子贱，第二个“斯”字指子贱的品德。
5.4 子贡问曰：“赐也何如？”子曰：“女，器也。”曰：“何器也？”曰：“瑚琏也。”
Tsze-kung asked, "What do you say of me, Ts'ze!" The Master said, "You are a utensil." "What utensil?" "A gemmed sacrificial utensil."
子贡问孔子：“我这个人怎么样？”孔子说：“你呀，好比一个器具。”子贡又问：“是什么器具呢？”孔子说：“是瑚琏。”
【注释】 (1)瑚琏：古代祭祀时盛粮食用的器具。
5.5 或曰：“雍也仁而不佞。”子曰：“焉用佞？御人以口给，屡憎於人。不知其仁，焉用佞？”
Some one said, "Yung is truly virtuous, but he is not ready with his tongue."
The Master said, "What is the good of being ready with the tongue? They who encounter men with smartness of speech for the most part procure themselves hatred. I know not whether he be truly virtuous, but why should he show readiness of the tongue?"
有人说：“冉雍这人有仁德却没有口才。”孔子说：“何必要有口才呢？靠口才对付人，常常惹人讨厌。这样的人我不知道他是不是做到仁，光有口才有 什么用呢？”
【注释】 ①雍：孔子的学生，姓冉，名雍，字仲弓。②佞（ning）：能说会道，有口才。③御：防御，对付。①口给（ji）：给，足。口给指嘴巴很 管用，说话伶牙利齿，也就是“佞”的意思。
5.6 子使漆彤开仕。对曰：“吾斯之未能信。”子说。
The Master was wishing Ch'i-tiao K'ai to enter an official employment. He replied, "I am not yet able to rest in the assurance of this." The Master was pleased.
孔子叫漆雕开去做官。漆雕开回答说：“我对做官还没有信心。”孔子听了非常高兴。
【注释】 ①漆雕开：孔子的学生，姓漆雕，名开，字子开。②吾斯之未能信：是“吾未能信斯”的倒装，“之”是用来倒装的同。信，信心。斯，代词，指 孔子让他出仕这件事。
5.7 子曰：“道不行，乘桴浮于海。从我者，其由与？”子路闻之喜。子曰：“由也好勇过我，无所取材。”
The Master said, "My doctrines make no way. I will get upon a raft, and float about on the sea. He that will accompany me will be Yu, I dare say." Tsze-lu hearing this was glad, upon which the Master said, "Yu is fonder of daring than I am. He does not exercise his judgment upon matters."
孔子说：“如果我的主张行不通，我就乘上木筏子到海外去。能跟从我的大概只有仲由吧！”子路听到这话很高兴。孔子说：“仲由啊，好勇超过了我，其他没有什么可取的才能。”
【注释】 (1)桴：音fú;，用来过河的木筏子。(2)从：跟随、随从。
5.8 孟武伯问子路仁乎？子曰：“不知也。”又问。子曰：“由也，千乘之国，可使治其赋也，不知其仁也。”“求也何如？”子曰：“求也，千室之邑，百乘之家，可使为之宰也，不知其仁也。”“赤也何如？”子曰：“赤也，束带立於朝，可使与宾客言也，不知其仁也。”
Mang Wu asked about Tsze-lu, whether he was perfectly virtuous. The Master said, "I do not know."
He asked again, when the Master replied, "In a kingdom of a thousand chariots, Yu might be employed to manage the military levies, but I do not know whether he be perfectly virtuous.""And what do you say of Ch'iu?" The Master replied, "In a city of a thousand families, or a clan of a hundred chariots, Ch'iu might be employed as governor, but I do not know whether he is perfectly virtuous." "What do you say of Ch'ih?" The Master replied, "With his sash girt and standing in a court, Ch'ih might be employed to converse with the visitors and guests, but I do not know whether he is perfectly virtuous."
孟武伯问孔子：“子路做到了仁吧？”孔子说：“我不知道。”孟武伯又问。孔子说：“仲由嘛，在拥有一千辆兵车的国家里，可以让他管理军事，但我不知道他是不是做到了仁。”孟武伯又问：“冉求这个人怎么样？”孔子说：“冉求这个人，可以让他在一个有千户人家的公邑或有一百辆兵车的采邑里当总管，但我也不知道他是不是做到了仁。”孟武伯又问：“公西赤又怎么样呢？”孔子说：“公西赤嘛，可以让他穿着礼服，站在朝廷上，接待贵宾，我也不知道他是不是做到了仁。”
【注释】 (1)赋：兵赋，向居民征收的军事费用。(2)千室之邑，邑是古代居民的聚居点，大致相当于后来城镇。有一千户人家的大邑。(3)百乘之家：指卿大夫的采地，当时大夫有车百乘，是采地中的较大者。(4)宰：家臣、总管。(5)赤：姓公西名赤，字子华，生于公元前509年，孔子的学生。(6)束带立于朝：指穿着礼服立于朝廷。(7)宾客：指一般客人和来宾。
5.9 子谓子贡曰：“女与回也孰愈？”对曰：“赐也何敢望回？回也闻一以知十，赐也闻一知二。”子曰：“弗如也；吾与女弗如也。”
The Master said to Tsze-kung, "Which do you consider superior, yourself or Hui?"Tsze-kung replied, "How dare I compare myself with Hui? Hui hears one point and knows all about a subject; I hear one point, and know a second." The Master said, "You are not equal to him. I grant you, you are not equal to him."
孔子对子贡说：“你和颜回两个相比，谁更好一些呢？”子贡回答说：“我怎 么敢和颜回相比呢？颜回听说一件事就可以类推出十件事，我听 说一件事不过类推出两件事罢了。”孔子说：“是不如他，我和你都不如他啊！”
【注释】 ①女：即“汝”，你。②愈：更，胜过。③望：比
5.10 宰予昼寝。子曰：“朽木不可雕也，粪土之墙不可（木亏）也；於予与何诛？”子曰：“始吾於人也，听其言而信其行；今吾於人也，听其言而观其行。於予与改是。”
Tsai Yu being asleep during the daytime, the Master said, "Rotten wood cannot be carved; a wall of dirty earth will not receive the trowel. This Yu,-what is the use of my reproving him?"
The Master said, "At first, my way with men was to hear their words, and give them credit for their conduct. Now my way is to hear their words, and look at their conduct. It is from Yu that I have learned to make this change."
宰予大白天睡觉。孔子说：“腐朽的木头无法雕刻，粪土垒的墙壁无法粉刷！对于宰予这样的人，还有什么好责备的呢？”孔子说：“起初我对于人，听了他说的话就相信他的行为；现在我对于人，听了他说的话却还要观察他的行为。在宰予这里我改变了观察人的方法。”
【注释】 ①杇（wū）：指泥工抹墙的工具，也作动词用，指把墙面抹平。②与：语气词，同“欤”，下文“于予与改是”中的“与”同义。③诛：责 备。
5.11 子曰：“吾未见刚者。”或对曰：“申枨。”子曰：“枨也欲，焉得刚？”
The Master said, "I have not seen a firm and unbending man." Some one replied, "There is Shan Ch'ang." "Ch'ang," said the Master, "is under the influence of his passions; how can he be pronounced firm and unbending?"
孔子说：“我没有见过刚毅的人。”有人说：“申枨是这样的人。” 孔子说：“申枨这个人欲望太多，怎么可能刚毅呢？”
【注释】 ①申枨（chéng）：孔子的学生。②欲；贪欲。
5.12 子贡曰：“我不欲人之加诸我也，吾亦欲无加诸人。”子曰：“赐也，非尔所及也。”
Tsze-kung said, "What I do not wish men to do to me, I also wish not to do to men." The Master said, "Ts'ze, you have not attained to that."
子贡说：“我不愿别人强加给我的事，我也不愿强加给别人。” 孔子说：“赐呀，这就不是你所能做到的了。”
5.13 子贡曰：“夫子之文章，可得而闻也；夫子之言性与天道，不可得而闻也。”
Tsze-kung said, "The Master's personal displays of his principles and ordinary descriptions of them may be heard. His discourses about man's nature, and the way of Heaven, cannot be heard."
子贡说：“老师讲授的礼、乐、诗、书的知识，依靠耳闻是能够学到的；老师讲授的人性和天道的理论，依靠耳闻是不能够学到的。”
【注释】 (1)文章：这里指孔子传授的诗书礼乐等。(2)性：人性。《阳货篇》第十七中谈到性。(3)天道：天命。《论语》书中孔子多处讲到天和命，但不见有孔子关于天道的言论。
5.14 子路有闻，未之能行，唯恐有闻。
When Tsze-lu heard anything, if he had not yet succeeded in carrying it into practice, he was only afraid lest he should hear something else.
子路在听到一条道理但没有能亲自实行的时候，惟恐又听到新的道理。
5.15 子贡问曰：“孔文子何以谓之‘文’也？”子曰：“敏而好学，不耻下问，是谓之‘文’也。”
Tsze-kung asked, saying, "On what ground did Kung-wan get that title of Wan?"
The Master said, "He was of an active nature and yet fond of learning, and he was not ashamed to ask and learn of his inferiors!-On these grounds he has been styled Wan."
子贡问道：“孔文子为什么被谥为‘文’呢？”孔子回答说：“他聪敏勤勉而好学，不以向不如自己的人请教为耻，所以被溢为‘文’。”
【注释】 ①孔文子：卫国大夫，姓孔，名圉，谥号“文”。②敏：勤勉。③下问：向下请教。
5.16 子谓子产，“有君子之道四焉：其行己也恭，其事上也敬，其养民也惠，其使民也义。”
The Master said of Tsze-ch'an that he had four of the characteristics of a superior man-in his conduct of himself, he was humble; in serving his superior, he was respectful; in nourishing the people, he was kind; in ordering the people, he was just."
孔子谈论子产说：“他具备君子之道的地方有四个方面：他自己行为庄重；他事奉君主恭敬谨慎；他教养人民多用恩惠；他役使百姓有法度。”
【注释】 ①子产：春秋时郑国的贤宰相，著名政治家。姓公孙，名侨，字子产，在郑简公、郑定公时执政22年，使郑国能够在晋国和楚国两大强国之间得到尊 敬和安全。②行己：自我修养。
5.17 子曰：“晏平仲善与人交，久而敬之。”
The Master said, "Yen P'ing knew well how to maintain friendly intercourse. The acquaintance might be long, but he showed the same respect as at first."
孔子说：“晏平仲善于和别人交朋友，交往越久，别人越尊敬他。”
【注释】 ①晏平仲；即晏婴，春秋时齐国著名贤大夫，齐灵公、齐庄公、齐景公 时执政。事迹见于《晏子春秋》和《史记·管晏列传》。②之：指晏婴。
5.18 子曰：“藏文仲居蔡，山节藻（木兑），何如其知也？”
The Master said, "Tsang Wan kept a large tortoise in a house, on the capitals of the pillars of which he had hills made, and with representations of duckweed on the small pillars above the beams supporting the rafters.-Of what sort was his wisdom?"
孔子说：“臧文仲藏了一只大龟，藏龟的屋子斗拱雕成山的形状，短柱上画以水草花纹，他这个人怎么能算是有智慧呢？”
【注释】 (1)臧文仲：姓臧孙名辰，“文”是他的谥号。因不遵守周礼，被孔子指责为“不仁”、“不智”。(2)蔡：国君用以占卜的大龟。蔡这个地方产龟，所以把大龟叫做蔡。(3)山节藻棁：节，柱上的斗拱。棁，音zhuō;，房梁上的短柱。把斗拱雕成山形，在棁上绘以水草花纹。这是古时装饰天子宗庙的做法。
5.19 子张问曰：“令尹子文三仕为令尹，无喜色；三已之，无愠色。旧令尹之政，必以告新令尹。何如？”子曰：“忠矣。”*唬骸叭室雍酰俊痹唬骸拔粗 *——焉得仁？”崔子杀齐君，陈文子有马十乘，弃而违之。至於他邦，则曰，‘犹吾大崔子也。’违之。之一邦，则又曰：‘犹吾大夫崔子也。’违之。何如？”子曰：“清矣。”
曰：“仁矣乎？”未之；——焉得仁？”
Tsze-chang asked, saying, "The minister Tsze-wan thrice took office, and manifested no joy in his countenance. Thrice he retired from office, and manifested no displeasure. He made it a point to inform the new minister of the way in which he had conducted the government; what do you say of him?" The Master replied. "He was loyal." "Was he perfectly virtuous?" "I do not know. How can he be pronounced perfectly virtuous?"
Tsze-chang proceeded, "When the officer Ch'ui killed the prince of Ch'i, Ch'an Wan, though he was the owner of forty horses, abandoned them and left the country. Coming to another state, he said, 'They are here like our great officer, Ch'ui,' and left it. He came to a second state, and with the same observation left it also;-what do you say of him?" The Master replied, "He was pure." "Was he perfectly virtuous?" "I do not know. How can he be pronounced perfectly virtuous?"
子张问孔子说：“令尹子文几次做楚国宰相，没有显出高兴的样子，几次被免职，也没有显出怨恨的样了。（他每一次被免职）一定把自己的一切政事全部告诉给来接任的新宰相。你看这个人怎么样？”孔子说：“可算得是忠了。”子张问：“算得上仁了吗？”孔子说：“不知道。这怎么能算得仁呢？”（子张又问：）“崔杼杀了他的君主齐庄公，陈文子家有四十匹马，都舍弃不要了，离开了齐国，到了另一个国家，他说，这里的执政者也和我们齐国的大夫崔子差不多，就离开了。到了另一个国家，又说，这里的执政者也和我们的大夫崔子差不多，又离开了。这个人你看怎么样？”孔子说：“可算得上清高了。”子张说：“可说是仁了吗？”孔子说：“不知道。这怎么能算得仁呢？”
【注释】 ①令尹子文：令尹，楚国的官名，相当于其他国家的宰相。子文，姓斗， 名豰于菟（gòu wū tú），字子文。根据《左传》记载，子文于鲁庄公三十 年开始做令尹，到僖公二十三年让位给子玉，其中相距28年，在这28年中 几次被罢免又被任命。
5.20 季文子三思而后行。子闻之，曰：“再，斯可矣。”
Chi Wan thought thrice, and then acted. When the Master was informed of it, he said, "Twice may do."
季文子遇事总要考虑三次以上才行动。孔子听说后说：“考虑两次也就可以了。”
【注释】 ①季文子：鲁国大夫季孙行父，素以谨慎多虑著称。②再：两次。
5.21 子曰：“甬五子，邦有道，则知；邦无道，则愚。其知可及也；其愚不可及也。”
The Master said, "When good order prevailed in his country, Ning Wu acted the part of a wise man. When his country was in disorder, he acted the part of a stupid man. Others may equal his wisdom, but they cannot equal his stupidity."
孔子说：“宁武子这人，当国家政治清明的时候就表现自己的聪明才智，当国家政治黑暗的时候便装出一副愚笨的样子。他的那种聪明别人可以做得到，但他的那种装傻别人就做不到了。”
【注释】 ①宁武子：卫国大夫，姓宁，名俞，“武”是谥号。
5.22 子在陈，曰：“归与！归与！吾党之小子狂简，斐然成章，不知所以裁之。”
When the Master was in Ch'an, he said, "Let me return! Let me return! The little children of my school are ambitious and too hasty. They are accomplished and complete so far, but they do not know how to restrict and shape themselves."
孔子在陈国说：“回去吧！回去吧！家乡的学生有远大志向，但行为粗率简单；有文彩但还不知道怎样来节制自己。”
【注释】 (1)陈：古国名，大约在今河南东部和安徽北部一带。(2)吾党之小子：古代以500家一为党。吾党意即我的故乡。小子，指孔子在鲁国的学生。(3)狂简：志向远大但行为粗率简单。(4)斐然：斐，音fěi，有文彩的样子。(5)裁：裁剪，节制。
5.23 子曰：“伯夷、叔齐不念旧恶，怨是用希。”
The Master said, "Po-i and Shu-ch'i did not keep the former wickednesses of men in mind, and hence the resentments directed towards them were few."
孔子说：“伯夷、叔齐不记过去的旧仇，别人对他们的怨恨因此很少。”
【注释】 ①伯夷、叔齐；商代时孤竹君的两个儿子，父亲死后因互相推让王位而都逃到周文工那里。周武王起兵讨伐商纣时，他们俩拦住车马劝阻。周朝统一天下后，他们以吃周朝的粮食为可耻，饿死于首阳山。孔子称他们二人为“古之贤人”（《述而》）。②旧恶：宿怨，旧仇。③是用：是以，因 此。希 xī：通“稀”，少。
5.24 子曰：“孰谓微生高直？或乞醯焉，乞诸邻而与之。”
The Master said, "Who says of Weishang Kao that he is upright? One begged some vinegar of him, and he begged it of a neighbor and gave it to the man."
孔子说：“谁说微生高这个人直率？有人向他讨点醋，他（不直说没有，却暗地）到他邻居家里讨了点给人家。”
【注释】 (1)微生高：姓微生名高，鲁国人。当时人认为他为直率。(2)醯：音xī，即醋。
5.25 子曰：“巧言、令色、足恭，左丘明耻之，丘亦耻之。匿怨而友其人，左丘明耻之，丘亦耻之。”
The Master said, "Fine words, an insinuating appearance, and excessive respect;-Tso Ch'iu-ming was ashamed of them. I also am ashamed of them. To conceal resentment against a person, and appear friendly with him;-Tso Ch'iu-ming was ashamed of such conduct. I also am ashamed of it."
孔子说：“花言巧语，一副讨好人的脸色，摆出逢迎的姿式，低三下四地过分恭敬，左丘明认为这种人可耻，我也认为可耻。把怨恨装在心里，表面上却装出友好的样子，左丘明认为这种人可耻，我也认为可耻。”
【注释】 ①足恭：十足的恭敬。②左丘明：相传即《左传》的作者，但无确证。
5.26 颜渊季路侍。子曰：“盍各言尔志？”子路曰：“愿车马衣轻裘与朋友共蔽之而无憾。？颜渊曰：“愿无伐善，无施劳。”子路曰：“愿闻子之志。”子曰：“老者安之，朋友信之，少者怀之。”
Yen Yuan and Chi Lu being by his side, the Master said to them, "Come, let each of you tell his wishes."
Tsze-lu said, "I should like, having chariots and horses, and light fur clothes, to share them with my friends, and though they should spoil them, I would not be displeased."
Yen Yuan said, "I should like not to boast of my excellence, nor to make a display of my meritorious deeds."
Tsze-lu then said, "I should like, sir, to hear your wishes." The Master said, "They are, in regard to the aged, to give them rest; in regard to friends, to show them sincerity; in regard to the young, to treat them tenderly."
颜渊、子路侍立于孔子身旁。孔子说：“你们何不各自说说自己的志向？”子路说：“我愿意拿出自己的车马、衣服、皮袍，同我的朋友共同使用，用坏了也不抱怨。”颜渊说：“我愿意不夸耀自己的长处，不表白自己的功劳。”子路向孔子说：“愿意听听您的志向。”孔子说：“（我的志向是）让年老的安心，让朋友们信任我，让年轻的子弟们得到关怀。”
【注释】 ①侍：指立传。若坐侍，则称侍坐。②盍：“何不”的合音字。③衣：此字是唐以后加上去的，应去掉。敝：坏。伐善：夸耀自己的好处。伐，自夸。③施劳：表白自己的功劳。
5.27 子曰：“已矣乎，吾未见能见其过而自讼者也。”
The Master said, "It is all over. I have not yet seen one who could perceive his faults, and inwardly accuse himself."
孔子说：“算了吧！我没有见到过能够发现自己的错误而又能从内心责备自己、作自我批评的人。”
【注释】 ①讼：责，责备。
5.28 子曰：“十室之邑，必有忠信如丘者焉，不如丘之好学也。”
The Master said, "In a hamlet of ten families, there may be found one honorable and sincere as I am, but not so fond of learning."
孔子说：“即使只有十户人家的小村子，也一定有像我这样忠诚信实的人，只是他们不像我这样好学罢了。”
【解读】 圣人与我们有什么不同？忠诚信实都相同，所不同的，只有两个字：好学。
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《论语》Confucian Analects (2) 为政第二
《论语》Confucian Analects (3) 八佾第三