《论语》Confucian Analects (3) 八佾第三
3.1 孔子谓季氏，“八佾舞於庭，是可忍也，孰不可忍也？”
Confucius said of the head of the Chi family, who had eight rows of pantomimes in his area, "If he can bear to do this, what may he not bear to do?"
孔子谈到季氏时说：“他用天子规格的八列歌舞队在自己的庭院中奏乐舞蹈，这种事都忍心做得出来，还有什么事情不可狠心做出来呢？”
【注释】 季氏：指当时鲁国三大权门之一的季孙氏，八佾，古代乐 舞行列，一行八人叫一佾。按照周代礼制的规定，天子举行乐舞用八行人， 叫八佾，诸侯用六佾，大夫只能用四佾。季氏为大夫，却用了八佾，这是对 天子之礼的越。忍：忍心，指季氏。另一种理解为”容忍”，指孔子。
3.2 三家者以雍彻。子曰：“‘相维辟公，天子穆穆’，奚取於三家之堂？”
The three families used the Yungode, while the vessels were being removed, at the conclusion of the sacrifice. The Master said, "'Assisting are the princes;-the son of heaven looks profound and grave';-what application can these words have in the hall of the three families?"
孟孙氏、叔孙氏、季孙氏三家在祭祖完毕撤去祭品时，也命乐工唱《雍》这篇诗。孔子说：“（《雍》诗上这两句）‘助祭的是诸侯，天子严肃静穆地在那里主祭。’这样的意思，怎么能用在你三家的庙堂里呢？”
【注释】 (1)三家：鲁国当政的三家：孟孙氏、叔孙氏、季孙氏。他们都是鲁桓公的后代，又称“三桓”。(2)《雍》：《诗经;周颂》中的一篇。古代天子祭宗庙完毕撤去祭品时唱这首诗。(3)相维辟公，天子穆穆：《雍》诗中的两句。相，助。维，语助词，无意义。辟公，指诸侯。穆穆：庄严肃穆。(4)堂：接客祭祖的地方。
3.3 子曰：“人而不仁，如礼何？”人而不仁，如乐何？”
The Master said, "If a man be without the virtues proper to humanity, what has he to do with the rites of propriety? If a man be without the virtues proper to humanity, what has he to do with music?"
孔子说：“一个人没有仁爱之心，遵守礼仪有什么用？一个人没有仁爱之心，礼乐有什么用？”
【注释】 ①如礼何：拿礼怎么办，意即礼对他已没有什么意思了。下文“如乐 何”义同。
3.4 林放问礼之本。子曰：“大哉问！礼，与齐奢也，宁俭；丧，与齐易也，宁戚。”
Lin Fang asked what was the first thing to be attended to in ceremonies.
The Master said, "A great question indeed! "In festive ceremonies, it is better to be sparing than extravagant. In the ceremonies of mourning, it is better that there be deep sorrow than in minute attention to observances."
林放问礼的本质。孔子回答说：“你问的问题意义重大，就礼节仪式的一般情况而言，与其奢侈，不如节俭；就丧事而言，与其仪式上治办周备，不如内心真正哀伤。”
【注释】 ①林放：鲁国人。②易：驰，铺张。③戚：哀伤。孔子 本来是主张“哀而不伤”，感情不过分的，但与其铺张浪费，就宁肯 悲哀过度了。
3.5 子曰：“夷狄之有君，不如诸夏之亡也。”
The Master said, "The rude tribes of the east and north have their princes, and are not like the States of our great land which are without them."
孔子说：“夷狄（文化落后）虽然有君主，还不如中原诸国没有君主呢。”
【注释】 (1)夷狄：古代中原地区的人对周边地区的贬称，谓之不开化，缺乏教养，不知书达礼。(2)诸夏：古代中原地区华夏族的自称。(3)亡：同无。古书中的“无”字多写作“亡”。
3.6 季氏旅於泰山。子谓冉有曰：“女弗能救与？”对曰：“不能。”子曰：“呜呼！曾谓泰山不如林放乎？”
The chief of the Chi family was about to sacrifice to the T'ai mountain. The Master said to Zan Yu, "Can you not save him from this?" He answered, "I cannot." Confucius said, "Alas! will you say that the T'ai mountain is not so discerning as Lin Fang?"
季孙氏去祭祀泰山。孔子对冉有说：“你难道不能劝阻他吗？”冉有说：“不能。”孔子说：“唉！难道说泰山神还不如林放知礼吗？”
【注释】 (1)旅：祭名。祭祀山川为旅。当时，只有天子和诸侯才有祭祀名山大川的资格。(2)冉有：姓冉名求，字子有，生于公元前522年，孔子的弟子，比孔子小29岁。当时是季氏的家臣，所以孔子责备他。(3)女：同汝，你。(4)救：挽求、劝阻的意思。这里指谏止。
3.7 子曰：“君子无所争。必也射乎！揖让而升，下而饮。其争也君子。”
The Master said, "The student of virtue has no contentions. If it be said he cannot avoid them, shall this be in archery? But he bows complaisantly to his competitors; thus he ascends the hall, descends, and exacts the forfeit of drinking. In his contention, he is still the Chun-tsze."
孔子说：“君子没有什么可争斗的事情。如果一定要说有，那也就像射箭比赛一样吧！登堂比赛前先互相作揖谦让，赛完后又下堂饮酒祝贺。这样的竞争 ，可以说是君子之争。”
【注释】 ①射：射箭。这里指射箭比赛，是古代的一种礼仪。②揖（yi)让而升：揖，拱手作揖，古代的一种礼节。揖让而升是说在登堂比赛前先相互作揖表示 谦让，然后才登堂比赛。③下而饮：比赛完后下堂饮酒互相祝贺。
3.8 子夏问曰：“巧笑倩兮，美目盼兮，素以为绚兮。何为也？”子曰：“绘事后素。”曰：“礼后乎？”子曰：“起予者商也！始可与言诗矣。”
Tsze-hsia asked, saying, "What is the meaning of the passage-'The pretty dimples of her artful smile! The well-defined black and white of her eye! The plain ground for the colors?'"
The Master said, "The business of laying on the colors follows the preparation of the plain ground." "Ceremonies then are a subsequent thing?" The Master said, "It is Shang who can bring out my meaning. Now I can begin to talk about the odes with him."
子夏问孔子：“‘笑得真好看啊，美丽的眼睛真明亮啊，用素粉来打扮啊。’这几句话是什么意思呢？”孔子说：“这是说先有白底然后画画。”子夏又问：“那么，是不是说礼也是后起的事呢？”孔子说：“商，你真是能启发我的人，现在可以同你讨论《诗经》了。”
【注释】 (1)巧笑倩兮，美目盼兮，素以为绚兮：前两句见《诗经;卫风;硕人》篇。倩，音[qiàn] ，笑得好看。兮，语助词，相当于“啊”。盼：眼睛黑白分明。绚，有文采。(2)绘事后素：绘，画。素，白底。(3)起予者商也：起，启发。予，我，孔子自指。商，子夏名商。
3.9 子曰：“夏礼，吾能言之，杞不足征也；殷礼，吾能言之，宋不足征也。文献不足故也。足，则吾能征之矣。”
The Master said, "I could describe the ceremonies of the Hsia dynasty, but Chi cannot sufficiently attest my words. I could describe the ceremonies of the Yin dynasty, but Sung cannot sufficiently attest my words. They cannot do so because of the insufficiency of their records and wise men. If those were sufficient, I could adduce them in support of my words."
孔子说：“夏朝的礼，我能说出来，（但是它的后代）杞国不足以证明我的话；殷朝的礼，我能说出来，（但它的后代）宋国不足以证明我的话。这都是由于文字资料和熟悉夏礼和殷礼的人不足的缘故。如果足够的话，我就可以得到证明了。”
【注释】 ①杞：杞国，夏禹后代的封国，故城在今河南杞县。②征：证明。③宋：宋国，商汤后代的封国，故城在今河南商丘县。文献：与今天的“文献”一词只指历史事件有所不同。“文” 相当于今天“文献”的概念，“献”即“贤”，指通晓历史的 贤才。
3.10 子曰：“（衣帝）自既灌而往者，吾不欲观之矣。”
The Master said, "At the great sacrifice, after the pouring out of the libation, I have no wish to look on."
孔子说：“对于行禘礼的仪式，从第一次献酒以后，我就不愿意看了。”
【注释】 (1)禘：音[dì]，古代只有天子才可以举行的祭祀祖先的非常隆重的典礼。(2)灌：禘礼中第一次献酒。(3)吾不欲观之矣：我不愿意看了。
3.11 或问（衣帝）之说。子曰：“不知也；知其说者之於天下也，其如示诸斯乎！”指其掌。
Some one asked the meaning of the great sacrifice. The Master said, "I do not know. He who knew its meaning would find it as easy to govern the kingdom as to look on this"-pointing to his palm.
有人问孔子关于举行禘祭的规定。孔子说：“我不知道。知道这种规定的人，对治理天下的事，就会像把这东西摆在这里一样（容易）吧！”（一面说一面）指着他的手掌。
【注释】 (1)禘之说：“说”，理论、道理、规定。禘之说，意为关于禘祭的规定。(2)示诸斯：“斯”指后面的“掌”字。
3.12 祭如在，祭神如神在。子曰：“吾不与祭，如不祭。”
He sacrificed to the dead, as if they were present. He sacrificed to the spirits, as if the spirits were present.The Master said, "I consider my not being present at the sacrifice, as if I did not sacrifice."
祭祀祖先就好像祖先在跟前一样，祭祀神就好像神在 跟前一样。孔子说：“我不亲自参加祭祀，就如同不曾 祭祀一样。”
【注释】 ①祭：这一个“祭”指祭鬼（死去的祖先），与下句 祭神对举。②与：参与，参加。
3.13 王孙贾问曰：“与其媚於奥，宁媚於龟，何谓也？”子曰：“不然；获罪於天，吾所寿也。”
Wang-sun Chia asked, saying, "What is the meaning of the saying, 'It is better to pay court to the furnace then to the southwest corner?'"The Master said, "Not so. He who offends against Heaven has none to whom he can pray."
王孙贾问道：“（人家都说）与其奉承奥神，不如奉承灶神。这话是什么意思？”孔子说：“不是这样的。如果得罪了天，那就没有地方可以祷告了。”
【注释】 (1)王孙贾：卫灵公的大臣，时任大夫。(2)媚：谄媚、巴结、奉承。(3)奥：这里指屋内位居西南角的神。(4)灶：这里指灶旁管烹饪做饭的神。(5)天：以天喻君，一说天即理。
3.14 子曰：“周监於二代，郁郁乎文哉！吾从周。”
The Master said, "Chau had the advantage of viewing the two past dynasties. How complete and elegant are its regulations! I follow Chau."
孔子说：“周朝的礼仪制度借鉴于夏、商二代，是多么丰富多彩啊。我遵从周朝的制度。”
【注释】 (1)监：同鉴，借鉴的意思。(2)二代：这里指夏代和周代。(3)郁郁：文采盛貌。丰富、浓郁之意。
3.15 子入太庙，每事问。或曰：“孰谓鄹人之子知礼乎？入太庙，每事问。”子闻之，曰：“是礼也。”
The Master, when he entered the grand temple, asked about everything. Some one said, "Who say that the son of the man of Tsau knows the rules of propriety! He has entered the grand temple and asks about everything." The Master heard the remark, and said, "This is a rule of propriety."
孔子到了太庙，每件事都要问。有人说：“谁说此人懂得礼呀，他到了太庙里，什么事都要问别人。”孔子听到此话后说：“这就是礼呀！”
【注释】 ①太庙：太祖（开国之君）的庙。周公旦是鲁国的始封之君，所以， 鲁国的太庙就是周公的庙。②鄹(zou)人之子：指孔子，鄹又作陬，地名， 即《史记.孔子世家》所说的“孔子生鲁昌平乡陬邑”的“陬”，是孔子 的出生地。鄹人则指孔子的父亲叔梁纥曾经做过鄹大夫，所以称为鄹人。
3.16 子曰：“射不主皮，为力不同科，古之道也。”
The Master said, "In archery it is not going through the leather which is the principal thing;-because people's strength is not equal. This was the old way."
孔子说：“比赛射箭不一定要射穿箭靶子,因为个人的力气大小不一样,这是自古以来的规矩。”
【注释】 ①射不主皮：射，射箭，这里指比赛的射箭，而不是指战场上的射箭；皮，箭靶子。射不主皮指射箭不一定要射穿箭靶子，只要射中就行了。②为：因为。③同科：同等。
3.17 子贡欲去告之饩羊。子曰：“赐也！尔爱其羊，我爱其礼。”
Tsze-kung wished to do away with the offering of a sheep connected with the inauguration of the first day of each month.The Master said, "Ts'ze, you love the sheep; I love the ceremony."
子贡提出去掉每月初一日告祭祖庙用的活羊。孔子说：“赐，你爱惜那只羊，我却爱惜那种礼。”
【注释】 (1)告朔：朔，农历每月初一为朔日。告朔，古代制度，天子每年秋冬之际，把第二年的历书颁发给诸侯，告知每个月的初一日。(2)饩羊：饩，音xì 。饩羊，祭祀用的活羊。(3)爱：爱惜的意思。
3.18 子曰：“事君尽礼，人以为谄也。”
The Master said, "The full observance of the rules of propriety in serving one's prince is accounted by people to be flattery."
孔子说：“我完完全全按照周礼的规定去事奉君主，完全尽到做臣子的礼节，别人却以为是在谄媚哩！”
3.19 定公问：“君使臣，臣事君，如之何？”孔子曰：“君使臣以礼，臣事君以忠。”
The Duke Ting asked how a prince should employ his ministers, and how ministers should serve their prince. Confucius replied, "A prince should employ his minister according to according to the rules of propriety; ministers should serve their prince with faithfulness."
鲁定公问道：“君主使唤臣下，臣下事奉君主，该怎样做？”孔子回答说：“君主应该按照礼的要求去使唤臣子，臣子应该以忠来事奉君主。”
【注释】 ①定公：鲁国国君，名宋，鲁昭公的弟弟，继昭公即位，在位15年（公元前 509-495）。
3.20 子曰：“关雎，乐而不淫，哀而不伤。”
The Master said, "The Kwan Tsu is expressive of enjoyment without being licentious, and of grief without being hurtfully excessive."
①孔子说：“《关雎》这首诗，快乐而不过分，悲哀而不伤感。”
②孔子说：“《关雎》这首诗,抒发快乐的感情,但没有放荡,抒发哀怨的感情,但不致损伤。”
【注释】 ①《关雎》：《诗经》的第一篇，写男主人公追求心上人的忧思，并想象 追求到以后的快乐。②淫：不局限于现代仅指性行为的狭义，而取广义的解释 ，即过度的意思。
3.21 哀公问社於宰我。宰我对曰：“夏后氏以松，殷人以柏，周人以栗，曰，使民战栗。”子闻之，曰：“成事不说，遂事不谏，既往不咎。”
The Duke Ai asked Tsai Wo about the altars of the spirits of the land. Tsai Wo replied, "The Hsia sovereign planted the pine tree about them; the men of the Yin planted the cypress; and the men of the Chau planted the chestnut tree, meaning thereby to cause the people to be in awe."When the Master heard it, he said, "Things that are done, it is needless to speak about; things that have had their course, it is needless to remonstrate about; things that are past, it is needless to blame."
鲁哀公问宰我用什么木头做土神的牌位好。宰我回答说：“夏朝用松树，商朝用柏树，周朝用栗子树。用栗木做的意思是使老百姓望而生畏，战战兢兢。”孔子听到后说：“已经做成的事就不必再说它了，已经做了的事就不必再劝阻了，已经过去的事就不必再追究了。”
【注释】 ①社：土神。这里指得是社主，即土神的牌位，用木头制成。哀公问用什么 做社主好。②宰我：孔子的学生，名予，字子我。③夏后氏：夏代。咎：追究。
3.22 子曰：“管仲之器小哉。”或曰：“管仲俭乎？”曰：“管氏有三归，官事 不摄，焉得俭？”“然则管仲知礼乎？”曰：“邦君树塞门，管氏亦树塞门。邦君为两君之好，有反坫，管氏亦有反坫。管氏而知礼，孰不知礼？”
The Master said, "Small indeed was the capacity of Kwan Chung!"
Some one said, "Was Kwan Chung parsimonious?" "Kwan," was the reply, "had the San Kwei, and his officers performed no double duties; how can he be considered parsimonious?"
"Then, did Kwan Chung know the rules of propriety?" The Master said, "The princes of States have a screen intercepting the view at their gates. Kwan had likewise a screen at his gate. The princes of States on any friendly meeting between two of them, had a stand on which to place their inverted cups. Kwan had also such a stand. If Kwan knew the rules of propriety, who does not know them?"
孔子说：“管仲这个人的器量真是狭小呀！”有人说：“管仲节俭吗？”孔子说：“他有三处豪华的藏金府库，他家里的管事也是一人一职而不兼任，怎么谈得上节俭呢？”那人又问：“那么管仲知礼吗？”孔子回答：“国君大门口设立照壁，管仲在大门口也设立照壁。国君同别国国君举行会见时在堂上有放空酒杯的设备，管仲也有这样的设备。如果说管仲知礼，那么还有谁不知礼呢？”
【注释】 (1)管仲：姓管名夷吾，齐国人，春秋时期的法家先驱。齐桓公的宰相，辅助齐桓公成为诸侯的霸主，公元前645年死。(2)三归：相传是三处藏钱币的府库。(3)摄：兼任。(4)树塞门：树，树立。塞门，在大门口筑的一道短墙，以别内外，相当于屏风、照壁等。(5)反坫：坫，音[diàn]。古代君主招待别国国君时，放置献过酒的空杯子的土台。
2.23 子语鲁大师乐，曰：“乐其可知也：始作，翕如也；从之，纯如也，缴如也，绎如也，以成。”
The Master instructing the grand music master of Lu said, "How to play music may be known. At the commencement of the piece, all the parts should sound together. As it proceeds, they should be in harmony while severally distinct and flowing without break, and thus on to the conclusion."
孔子对鲁国乐官谈论演奏音乐的道理说：“奏乐的道理是可以知道的：开始演奏，各种乐器合奏，声音繁美；继续展开下去，悠扬悦耳，音节分明，连续不断，最后完成。”
【注释】 (1)语：音yù，告诉，动词用法。(2)大师：大，音tài。大师是乐官名。(3)翕：音xī;。意为合、聚、协调。(4)从：音zòng，意为放纵、展开。(5)纯：美好、和谐。(6)皦：音[jiǎo]，音节分明。(7)绎：连续不断。
3.24 仪封人请见，曰：“君子之至於斯也，吾未尝不得见也。”从者见之。出曰：“二三子何患於丧乎？天下之无道也久矣，天将以夫子为木铎。”
The border warden at Yi requested to be introduced to the Master, saying, "When men of superior virtue have come to this, I have never been denied the privilege of seeing them." The followers of the sage introduced him, and when he came out from the interview, he said, "My friends, why are you distressed by your master's loss of office? The kingdom has long been without the principles of truth and right; Heaven is going to use your master as a bell with its wooden tongue."
仪这个地方的长官请求见孔子，他说：“凡是君子到这里来，我从没有见不到的。”孔子的随从学生引他去见了孔子。他出来后（对孔子的学生们）说：“你们几位何必为没有官位而发愁呢？天下无道已经很久了，上天将以孔夫子为圣人来号令天下。”
【注释】 (1)仪封人：仪为地名，在今河南兰考县境内。封人，系镇守边疆的官。(2)从者见之：随行的人见了他。(3)丧：失去，这里指失去官职。(4)木铎：木舌的铜铃。古代天子发布政令时摇它以召集听众。
3.25 子谓韶，“尽美矣，又尽善也。”谓武，“尽美矣，未尽善也。”
The Master said of the Shao that it was perfectly beautiful and also perfectly good. He said of the Wu that it was perfectly beautiful but not perfectly good.
孔子评论《韶》乐说：“声音美极了，内容也好极了。”评论《武》乐说：“声音美极了，内容却不够好。”
【注释】 ①《韶》：舜时的乐曲名。②美、善：美指声音，即艺术形式方面；善指思想内容方面。③《武》：周武王时的乐曲名。
【解读】 孔子在齐国听到《韶》乐时“三月不知肉味”（《迷而》）如此沉醉，当然 会认为它尽善尽美了。
3.26 子曰：“居上不宽，为礼不敬，临丧不哀，吾何以观之哉？”
The Master said, "High station filled without indulgent generosity; ceremonies performed without reverence; mourning conducted without sorrow;-wherewith should I contemplate such ways?"
孔子说：“居于执政地位的人，不能宽厚待人，行礼的时候不严肃，参加丧礼时也不悲哀，这种情况我怎么能看得下去呢？”
【注释】 ①敬：严肃认真，如“敬业”，指对工作严肃认真。
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《论语》Confucian Analects (1)学而第一