理论与方法专栏 | 合并 —（多主）句法中的二元性
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《理论语言学五道站》（2020年第60期，总第124期）理论与方法专栏为大家推荐美国华盛顿大学语言学教授Barbara Citko和土耳其安卡拉中东技术大学外语教育系教授Martina Gračanin-Yüksek 的著作：Merge — Binarity in (Multidominant) Syntax（《合并 -（多主）句法中的二元性》）。该书将于2021年在The MIT Press出版。
著作简介
Merge — Binarity in (Multidominant) Syntax
《合并 （多主）句法中的二元性》
摘要：
合并具有二元性，但这里的二元性指的是句法位置而不是合并的对象。
在这本书中，作者芭芭拉·西科和玛蒂娜·格拉查宁-尤克塞克从多个角度对“合并”（最简句法中的基本结构构建操作）的限制条件进行了研究。她们坚持“合并”是二元的，但认为合并的二元性指的是合并所涉及的句法位置，这通常被表述为一种约束，即不允许“合并”这种句法操作对两个以上句法对象进行组合，实际上也暗含了对合并两个以上句法位置的限制。
合并可以分为并行合并以及内部合并，这两种合并类型可以产生多主结构。Citko教授和Graanin-Yuksek教授对这两种不同类型的合并之间的相互作用进行了研究。通过分析以(RNR)右节点夺取为代表的并行合并和以(ATB)全面提取为代表的并行合并+内部合并，发现ATB受并行约束的限制，而右节点夺取则不受这种限制。这种差异来自于对合并的二元性约束，该约束要求在单次合并操作中不可以合并两个以上的句法位置，而这种要求在右节点夺取中得到了遵循，全面提取则正好相反。作者进一步表明，合并的二元性约束在克罗地亚语和波兰语等语序更为灵活的语言中同样起作用，而结构融合也恰好减少了这些语言违反合并的二元性约束的现象。
Abstract:
An argument that Merge is binary but its binarity refers to syntactic positions rather than objects.
In this book, Barbara Citko and Martina Gračanin-Yuksek examine the constraints on Merge—the basic structure-building operation in minimalist syntax—from a multidominant perspective. They maintain that Merge is binary, but argue that the binarity of Merge refers to syntactic positions Merge relates: what has typically been formulated as a constraint that prevents Merge from combining more than two syntactic objects is a constraint on Merge's relating more than two syntactic positions.
Citko and Gračanin-Yuksek investigate the interactions between the two types of Merge that can generate multidominant structures: Parallel Merge and Internal Merge. Taking Right Node Raiding (RNR) as a representative example of Parallel Merge and Across-the-Board (ATB) extraction to be representative of Parallel Merge + Internal Merge, they show that ATB is subject to a parallelism constraint that RNR is not subject to. They show that this difference follows from Binarity Constraint on Merge (BiCoM), the requirement that prevents Merge from relating more than two syntactic positions within a single derivation, which is obeyed in RNR, but not in ATB extraction. They further show that BiCoM is also operative in languages with more flexible word order, such as Croatian and Polish, and that structural syncretism alleviates BiCoM violations in these languages as well.
评价
本书提供了一种句法基础，即允许一个短语同时占据两个句法位置。这些“多主”短语标记是现代句法的先锋。本书很好地阐释了这种现象出现的原因。
本书是理论句法的典范之作，以“多主”这一简单的概念为出发点，对理论和数据进行了深入的探索。Citko教授和Gracanin-Yuksek教授在书中严谨周密地向读者阐明“多主表征”绝非符号变体，它揭示了合并操作的关键特性，而这些特性是其他概念所无法体现的，同时极大地加深了我们对“右节点提升”和“全面提取”等现象的理解。
This book takes head-on the job of providing the foundations for a syntax that allows phrases to occupy two syntactic positions simultaneously. These 'multidominant' phrase markers are the vanguard of modern syntax and this volume goes a long way toward showing why.
An exemplary book of theoretical syntax, in which a simple idea, multidominance, sets off an impressive exploration into theory and data. Citko and Gračanin-Yuksek elegantly show that multidominant representations, far from being notational variants, reveal crucial properties of the core syntactic operation Merge that cannot be captured otherwise, deepening dramatically our understanding of empirical phenomena such as Right Node Raising and across-the-board extraction.
-Barbara Citko-
芭芭拉·西特科是美国华盛顿大学语言学教授。她的主要研究领域为句法理论、句法-语义接口以及波兰语句法，具体包括短语结构、关系从句、特殊疑问句以及并列结构等。同时她还是《斯拉夫语言学杂志》的副主编和候补研究生项目的协调员。主要著作为：《相位理论: 句法介绍和对称性: 合并、移动和标签》。
Barbara Citko is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Washington. Prof. Citko's research centers on syntactic theory, syntax-semantics interface and the syntax of Polish. Within these general areas, she works on topics involving phrase structure, relative clauses, wh-questions and coordination. She is also an Associate Editor of the Journal of Slavic Linguistics and the Alternate Graduate Program Coordinator. She is the author of Phase Theory: An Introduction and Symmetry in Syntax: Merge, Move and Labels.
-Martina Gračanin-Yuksek-
马蒂娜·格拉查宁-尤克塞克为土耳其安卡拉中东技术大学外语教育系教授。她的研究兴趣包括: 理论句法，一致性，多指，线性化，斯拉夫语。
Martina Gračanin-Yüksek is Professor in the Department of Foreign Language Education at Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey. Her research interests are theoretical syntax, agreement, multidominance, linearization, Slavic languages.
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