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《论语》Confucian Analects (8) 泰伯第八

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泰伯第八


8.1 子曰:“泰伯,其可谓至德也已矣,三以天下让,民无得而称焉。”


The Master said, "T'ai-po may be said to have reached the highest point of virtuous action. Thrice he declined the kingdom, and the people in ignorance of his motives could not express their approbation of his conduct."


孔子说:“泰伯的道德水平可以说是达到了最高境界,他先后三次让天下,百姓却找不到还有什么事情称道他。”


【解读】泰伯是周朝始祖古公亶父的长子。传说古公亶父知道三子季历的儿子姬昌有圣德,想传位给季历,泰伯知道后便与二弟仲雍一起避居到吴。古公亶父死后,泰伯不回来奔丧,后来又断发文身,表示终身不返,把君位让给了季历,季历传给了姬昌,也就是周文王。


礼让是中华民族的传统美德,孔子称赞泰伯具有至德,就是因为泰伯三让天下是为了求得自己的心安,而无任何功利的想法。


8.2 子曰:“恭而无礼则劳,慎而无礼则葸,勇而无礼则乱,直而无礼则绞。君子笃于亲,则民兴于仁;故旧不遗,则民不偷。”


The Master said, "Respectfulness, without the rules of propriety, becomes laborious bustle; carefulness, without the rules of propriety, becomes timidity; boldness, without the rules of propriety, becomes insubordination; straightforwardness, without the rules of propriety, becomes rudeness.

"When those who are in high stations perform well all their duties to their relations, the people are aroused to virtue. When old friends are not neglected by them, the people are preserved from meanness."


孔子说:“谦恭但不用礼加以节制就会白白辛劳;谨慎但不用礼加以节制就会胆小懦弱;勇猛但不会用礼节制就会犯上作乱;率直但不会用礼节制就会尖酸刻薄伤害他人。君子如果能够真诚善待亲人,老百姓就会仁德厚道,老朋友就不会被遗弃,民情就不会淡薄。”


【解读】这一章孔子谈论的是恭、慎、勇、直四德与礼的关系问题。还有亲与仁的关系及结果。恭、慎、勇、直四德如果不以礼节制就会导致劳、葸、乱、绞四种弊端。可见知礼的重要,孔子说“不知礼,无以立”道理大概就在这里。


8.3 曾子有疾,召门弟子曰:“启予足!启予手!《诗》云:'战战兢兢,如临深渊,如履薄冰。’而今而后,吾知免夫!小子!”


The philosopher Tsang being ill, he cared to him the disciples of his school, and said, "Uncover my feet, uncover my hands. It is said in the Book of Poetry, 'We should be apprehensive and cautious, as if on the brink of a deep gulf, as if treading on thin ice, I and so have I been. Now and hereafter, I know my escape from all injury to my person. O ye, my little children."


曾子得了病,他召唤弟子们说:“看看我的手脚。《诗经》说:'战战兢兢,如临深渊,如履薄冰。’从今往后,我就可以免除这样的担惊受怕了。孩子们!”


【解读】曾子是直接传承孔子的一个学生,他最大的特点就是性格内向,处事谨慎,略显迟钝,以孝著称。古人认为身体发肤受之父母,保全自己的身体是最大的孝,所以曾子在临终的时候让自己的弟子看看他的手脚,意思就是他的身体还都健全,他用一生的努力保全了受之父母的身体,尽了大孝。从此以后就不必在担忧了。


8.4 曾子有疾,孟敬子问之。曾子言曰:“鸟之将死,其鸣也哀;人之将死,其言也善。君子所贵乎道者三:动容貌,斯远暴慢矣;正颜色,斯近信矣;出辞气,斯远鄙倍矣。笾豆之事,则有司存。”


The philosopher Tsang being ill, Meng Chang went to ask how he was. Tsang said to him, "When a bird is about to die, its notes are mournful; when a man is about to die, his words are good.

"There are three principles of conduct which the man of high rank should consider specially important:-that in his deportment and manner he keep from violence and heedlessness; that in regulating his countenance he keep near to sincerity; and that in his words and tones he keep far from lowness and impropriety.

As to such matters as attending to the sacrificial vessels, there are the proper officers for them."


曾子得了重病,孟敬子去探望他。曾子对他说:“鸟要死的时候,叫声很悲切。人要死的时候说的话很和善。君子对做人的道理有三点有特别注意:容貌严肃庄重就会远离粗鄙傲慢;表情端正就会接近诚正信实;说话的时候注意言辞声调就能远离鄙陋背理。陈设礼器之类的事情,自有主管祭祀的部门。


【解读】曾子也是古代的圣人,后人称他为宗圣。他对孔子的思想的传播做出了巨大贡献。这是曾子临终前谈论行为礼仪的事情。曾子为什么在这样的时候谈论这些呢?人与人交往,最先见的是容貌,然后是一个人的脸色,再进一步就是言语,所以曾子强调与人交往的“容貌”、 “颜色”、 “语言”,这是一个人做人的基本修养。曾子与孟敬子谈论这些大概还有另一层意思,那就是教育孟敬子要注意这样的修养。


8.5 曾子曰:“以能问于不能,以多问于寡;有若无,实若虚,犯而不校,昔者吾友尝从事于斯矣。”


The philosopher Tsang said, "Gifted with ability, and yet putting questions to those who were not so; possessed of much, and yet putting questions to those possessed of little; having, as though he had not; full, and yet counting himself as empty; offended against, and yet entering into no altercation; formerly I had a friend who pursued this style of conduct."


曾子说:“有才能还向比自己才能低的人求教,学问多还向比自己学问少的人求教有学问就像没有学问一样,知识丰富却表现得很不足,别人侵犯他也不计较,从前我的好友就曾经这样做的。”


【解读】这一章曾子谈论的是学习上的不耻下问、谦虚宽大。“有若无,实若虚”这是我想到了圆圈理论,越是喜欢读书学习的人他所掌握的知识范围就会越宽广,但未知的东西就会越多,所以对于无限的未知而言,有真的就好比是无,从这个角度而言这绝不是简单的谦虚,是好学者的内心真实感受。曾子的这段话讲述的是他的同学复圣颜回的表现。


8.6 曾子曰:“可以托六尺之孤,可以寄百里之命,临大节而不可夺也。君子人与?君子人也。”


The philosopher Tsang said, "Suppose that there is an individual who can be entrusted with the charge of a young orphan prince, and can be commissioned with authority over a state of a hundred li, and whom no emergency however great can drive from his principles:-is such a man a superior man? He is a superior man indeed."


曾子说:“能够把没有成年的孩子托付给他抚养,能够把国家的命运交付给他,在生死关头不动摇屈服。这就是君子吗?这就是君子啊!”


【解读】这一章曾子告诉我们什么样的人才是真正的君子,君子是值得信任的的人,这种信任不是小信,而是大信,是可以将家国命运托付给他的人。


8.7 曾子曰:“士不可以不弘毅,任重而道远,仁以为己任,不亦重乎?死而后已,不亦远乎?”


The philosopher Tsang said, "The officer may not be without breadth of mind and vigorous endurance. His burden is heavy and his course is long. "Perfect virtue is the burden which he considers it is his to sustain;-is it not heavy? Only with death does his course stop;-is it not long?


曾子说:“读书人的心胸不可以不宽广,意志不可以不坚定,因为责任重大而路途遥远。把仁作为自己一生的使命,不重大吗?到生命结束才能完成,不遥远吗?”


【解读】曾子在这里为知识分子画了像,实际上就是告诉我们读书学习就是要不断的修炼自己,并且要努力的影响和改变这个世界,让这个世界变得更加美好。


8.8 子曰:“兴于《诗》,立于礼,成于乐。”


The Master said, "It is by the Odes that the mind is aroused."It is by the Rules of Propriety that the character is established."It is from Music that the finish is received."


孔子说:“生命的修炼开始于学诗,因为学礼有了自己的人生立场,最后完成于对乐的学习。”


【解读】我以为生命的修炼是从情感的修炼开始的,而诗是语言的精华,是人的情感的表达,人的所有人文精神的培养都应该从美好的情感培养起步,而学诗恰恰能够做到这一点,情感培养起来之后,就要遵循社会规则也就是礼的要求,才能立身于社会,最终成就修炼的关键在内心的快乐。


8.9 子曰:“民可使由之,不可使知之。”


The Master said, "The people may be made to follow a path of action, but they may not be made to understand it."


孔子说:“老百姓可以让他们按照礼法做,却无需让他们懂得为什么这么做”。


【解读】这句话后世的歧义很大,还有这样断句的:“民可,使由之;不可,使知之。”翻译过来就是“老百姓懂得礼法就让他们自己去做,不懂得礼法就应该教育他们,使他们知道”。也可以这样断句:“民可使,由之;不可使,知之”。意思就是:“老百姓懂得礼法可使用就顺其自然,不懂礼法不可使用,就要让他们懂得为什么”。我更倾向于第二种看法。

8.10 子曰:“好勇疾贫,乱也。人而不仁,疾之已甚,乱也。”


The Master said, "The man who is fond of daring and is dissatisfied with poverty, will proceed to insubordination. So will the man who is not virtuous, when you carry your dislike of him to an extreme."


孔子说:“崇尚勇武而仇视贫穷,就会犯上作乱。对不仁的人太过痛恨,也会导致祸乱。”


【解读】这一章孔子探讨“乱”的根源,一方面好勇疾贫就会导致暴乱。另一方面对那些不仁的人太过,也会导致祸乱。所以,处理任何问题都不宜太过,要遵循中道的原则。


8.11 子曰:“如有周公之才之美,使骄且吝,其余不足观也已。”


The Master said, "Though a man have abilities as admirable as those of the Duke of Chau, yet if he be proud and niggardly, those other things are really not worth being looked at."


孔子说:“即便是有周公那样美好的才能,如果让他既骄傲又自私,那么其他的方面也就不值得一提了。”


【解读】孔子言外之意,即便是你有天大的才能,如果骄傲自私也就没有什么可值得一提的了。说的还是做人是首要的问题,没有道德做基础,做人也就失去了根基。


8.12 子曰:“三年学,不至于榖,不易得也。”


The Master said, "It is not easy to find a man who has learned for three years without coming to be good."


孔子说:“经过长达三年的学习,还没有当官的念头,这种人很难找啊。”


【解读】子夏曾说过“学而优则仕”这样的话,儒家倡导的学习根本是学习做人,但也兼顾改造社会的问题。我愿意把三年理解为孔子当时教育学生的学制,学满了三年却不想着就业做官,足可以看出这个人自我完善的定力。换做今天的大学生我们再看,谁又能把自我的提高作为第一目的呢?很多的大学生还没有进入大学就考虑就业的事情,却不考虑从本质上提高自我的素养,以至于毕业却不能及时就业。如果反其道而视之,学了四年却不具备一技之长,还不能就业也真是不易得啊!今天的大学生应该首要考虑的问题是让自己在大学里变得优秀,就业应该是优秀的副产品。一个这正优秀的人还何愁就业呢?!


8.13 子曰:“笃信好学,守死善道。危邦不入,乱邦不居。天下有道则见,无道则隐。邦有道,贫且贱焉,耻也;邦无道,富且贵焉,耻也。”


The Master said, "With sincere faith he unites the love of learning; holding firm to death, he is perfecting the excellence of his course."Such an one will not enter a tottering state, nor dwell in a disorganized one. When right principles of government prevail in the kingdom, he will show himself; when they are prostrated, he will keep concealed. "When a country is well governed, poverty and a mean condition are things to be ashamed of. When a country is ill governed, riches and honor are things to be ashamed of."


孔子说:“坚定好学的信念,始终如一的坚守美好的做人原则。危险的地方不去,混乱的地方不呆。好的环境里就大展宏图,不好的环境中就把自己隐藏起来。在一个好的集体里,贫穷低贱没有地位,这是耻辱;在不好的集体中却能富有有官做,这也是耻辱。”


【解读】这一章孔子告诉我们该如何面对环境问题,如何选择生存。他还是把做人放在了首要的地位。选择环境在一定意义上讲就是选择人生道理,这些涉及了生存和人的尊严问题。其根本的做人原则就是要秉持“谋道不谋食”、“忧道不忧贫”的原则。


8.14 子曰:“不在其位,不谋其政。”


The Master said, "He who is not in any particular office has nothing to do with plans for the administration of its duties."


孔子说:“不在那个位置就不要管那个位置上的事情。”


【解读】孔子的这句话已经成了后世官员为政的一个准则。今天的话讲,不在那个位置上还来管那个位置上的事情就是越位了。但从持续发展的角度看还可以从另一个角度来理解,那就是“在其位可以谋不在其位的政”,这种观念是没有毛病的,这是从持续发展、长远发展考虑问题。任何一个朝代的领导人都需要其在位的时候考虑和谋划其不在位时的发展问题,也就是考虑培养接班人的问题,这个问题涉及了政权的长远发展问题。像路易十六那样“在我死后哪管它洪水滔天”的谋政方式自古是很少见的。


8.15 子曰:“师挚之始,《关雎》之乱,洋洋乎盈耳哉!”


The Master said, "When the music master Chih first entered on his office, the finish of the Kwan Tsu was magnificent;-how it filled the ears!"


孔子说:“从太师挚演奏的序曲。到最后《关雎》的结尾,美妙的音乐一直在在我的耳边回荡啊!”


【解读】当我们每个人潜心修炼一生,就会发现人生其实就是一曲美妙的音乐!


8.16 子曰:“狂而不直,侗(tóng)而不愿,悾(kōng)悾而不信,吾不知之矣。”


The Master said, "Ardent and yet not upright, stupid and yet not attentive; simple and yet not sincere:-such persons I do not understand."


孔子说:“激进而又不直爽,幼稚而又不朴实,无知而又不守信用,对这种人我真是没有办法啊!”


【解读】这一章孔子例举了狂而不直、侗而不愿、悾而不信三种人,说明现实生活中人的表里不一,也就是缺乏真诚的修养。这样的人往往都是蝇营狗苟的人。


8.17 子曰:“学如不及,犹恐失之。”


The Master said, "Learn as if you could not reach your object, and were always fearing also lest you should lose it."


孔子说:“学习就像总也赶不上似的,甚至是学到的害怕丢失似的。”


【解读】这是孔子对学习状态的心理体验和感觉。大凡真正热爱学习的人,尤其是不断学习修养自己的人,都会有感觉好像是赶不上那些学习的榜样似的。道德的修养更是一生的事情,及时达到了很高的境界,也需要继续努力,唯恐会因为稍一懈怠就会丢失一般。


8.18 子曰:“巍巍乎!舜禹之有天下也,而不与焉。”


The Master said, "How majestic was the manner in which Shun and Yu held possession of the empire, as if it were nothing to them!


孔子说:“多么崇高啊!舜和禹得到天下,却不是自己去求来的。”


【解读】孔子高度赞扬舜和禹的伟大,一方面是说舜和禹不是为自己打天下,另一方面是因为舜和禹的天下是众望所归的结果。舜和禹没有什么私心,只为天下太平考虑。

8.19 子曰:“大哉!尧之为君也。巍巍乎!唯天为大,唯尧则之。荡荡乎!民无能名焉。巍巍乎!其有成功也;焕乎!其有文章。”


The Master said, "Great indeed was Yao as a sovereign! How majestic was he! It is only Heaven that is grand, and only Yao corresponded to it. How vast was his virtue! The people could find no name for it.

"How majestic was he in the works which he accomplished! How glorious in the elegant regulations which he instituted!"


孔子说:“伟大啊,尧这样的君主。崇高啊,只有天才会这样高大,也只有尧才能效法天的高大。多么广大啊,老百姓都无法用语言来称颂他。他的功绩多么崇高啊,他制定的礼乐多么辉煌啊!”


【解读】孔子感叹尧的伟大。尧之伟大大在大君、大天、大德、大功和大礼。这一章不单是极力赞美尧,更是对天道的赞美。要尊崇天道,才有大德、大功和大礼。孔子称赞尧,说他是以天为则的,而尧也像天那样,他的德行的伟大根本没法一一枚举,用言辞来加以赞颂,至于他表现在外面的功业、文章则是人所共知的。


8.20 舜有臣五人而天下治。武王曰:“予有乱臣十人。”孔子曰:“才难,不其然乎?唐虞之际,于斯为盛;有妇人焉,九人而已。三分天下有其二,以服事殷。周之德,其可谓至德也已矣。”


Shun had five ministers, and the empire was well governed.King Wu said, "I have ten able ministers."

Confucius said, "Is not the saying that talents are difficult to find, true? Only when the dynasties of T'ang and Yu met, were they more abundant than in this of Chau, yet there was a woman among them. The able ministers were no more than nine men."King Wan possessed two of the three parts of the empire, and with those he served the dynasty of Yin. The virtue of the house of Chau may be said to have reached the highest point indeed."


舜拥有五位(贤)臣,就治理好了天下。周武王说:“我有十位能治理国家的贤臣。”孔子说:“人才难得,(难道)不是这样吗?唐尧、虞舜时代以及周武王时,人才最盛。(武王的十位治国贤臣中)有一位是妇女,(所以实际上)只有九人而已。周文王得了天下的三分之二,仍然事奉殷朝,周朝的道德,可以说是最高的道德了。”


【解读】乱:治理。

这段当中,孔子提出了一个重要问题,就是治理天下,必须有人才,而人才是十分难得的。有了人才,国家就可以得到治理,天下就可以太平。当然,这并不就证明孔子的“英雄史观”,因为在历史发展过程中,杰出人物的确发挥了不可低估的巨大作用,这与人民群众的作用,都应该是不可忽视的。


8.21 子曰:“禹,吾无间然矣。菲饮食而致孝乎鬼神,恶衣服而致美乎黼冕,卑宫室而尽力乎沟洫。禹,吾无间然矣。”


The Master said, "I can find no flaw in the character of Yu. He used himself coarse food and drink, but displayed the utmost filial piety towards the spirits. His ordinary garments were poor, but he displayed the utmost elegance in his sacrificial cap and apron. He lived in a low, mean house, but expended all his strength on the ditches and water channels. I can find nothing like a flaw in Yu."


孔子说:“禹,我对他没什么可批评。(他的)饮食很简单却尽力去孝敬鬼神,衣服简朴,祭服却尽量穿得华美,(住的)宫室很低矮,却把力量完全用于(兴修)沟渠。禹,我对他(确实)没什么可批评。”


【解读】①间:空隙,缺陷。②菲:不厚,薄。③卑:低矮。④沟洫:沟渠。

以上这几章,孔子对于尧、舜、禹给予高度评价,认为在他们的时代,一切都很完善,为君者生活简朴,孝敬鬼神,是执政者的榜样,而当今不少人拼命追逐权力、地位和财富,而把人民的生活和国家的富强放在了次要的位置,以古喻今,孔子是在向统治者提出警告。


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往期回顾

《论语》Confucian Analects (5) 公冶长第五

《论语》Confucian Analects (6) 雍也第六

《论语》Confucian Analects (7) 述而第七

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