Linguistic Typology

Volume 26, Issue 3, October 2022

Linguistic Typology（SSCI一区，2021 IF：3.565）第3期共发文8篇，其中研究性论文4篇，书评4篇。研究论文涉及中动语态、系统发生比较法、非洲手语、统计偏差控制等方面。欢迎转发扩散！（2022年已更完）

往期推荐：

刊讯 | SSCI 期刊《语言类型学》2022年第1-2期

目录

Research Articles

■ Towards a typology of middle voice systems, by Guglielmo Inglese, Pages 489-531.

■ Challenges of sampling and how phylogenetic comparative methods help: with a case study of the Pama-Nyungan laminal contrast, by Jayden L. Macklin-Cordes, Erich R. Round, Pages 533-572.

■ Object and handling handshapes in 11 sign languages: towards a typology of the iconic use of the hands, by Victoria Nyst, Marta Morgado, Timothy Mac Hadjah, Marco Nyarko, Mariana Martins, Lisa van der Mark, Evans Burichani, Tano Angoua, Moustapha Magassouba, Dieydi Sylla, Kidane Admasu, Anique Schüller, Pages 573-604.

■ Statistical bias control in typology, by Matías Guzmán Naranjo, Laura Becker, Pages 605-670.

Book Reviews

■ Review of Linlin Sun ‘Flexibility in the parts-of-speech system of classical Chinese’, by Guillaume Jacques, Pages 671-682.

■ Old Japanese in a panchronic perspective, by Juha Janhunen, Pages 683-691.

■ Jędrzejowski, Łukasz and Przemysław Staniewski: The linguistics of olfaction: Typological and diachronic approaches to synchronic diversity, by Thomas Poulton, Pages 693-704.

■ A desmemic architecture for autotyp: a review article, by Adam J. R. Tallman, Pages 705-717.

Editorial

■ Grammar highlights 2021, by Jorge Emilio Rosés Labrada, Pages 719-722.

摘要

Towards a typology of middle voice systems

Guglielmo Inglese, Department of Linguistics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Abstract The middle voice is a notoriously controversial typological notion. Building on previous work (e.g. Kemmer, Suzanne. 1993. The middle voice. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins), in this paper I propose a new working definition of middle markers as inherently polyfunctional constructions which are partly associated with valency change in opposition to bivalent (or more) verbs and partly lexically obligatory with monovalent verbs. Based on this definition, the paper undertakes a systematic survey of 149 middle voice constructions in a sample of 129 middle-marking languages. Evidence from the sample shows that middle voice systems display a much richer variation in forms and functions than is reported in the literature. This richer empirical evidence challenges some of the mainstream views on middle marking, especially its purported connection with reflexivity and grooming-type events, and calls for an overall rethinking of the typology of the middle voice.

Key words middle marking; middle voice; valency reduction; verbal voice

Challenges of sampling and how phylogenetic comparative methods help: with a case study of the Pama-Nyungan laminal contrast

Jayden L. Macklin-Cordes, Laboratoire Dynamique Du Langage, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Lyon 2, Lyon, France; Ancient Language Lab, School of Languages and Cultures, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; and ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, Canberra, Australia

Erich R. Round

Abstract Phylogenetic comparative methods are new in our field and are shrouded, for most linguists, in at least a little mystery. Yet the path that led to their discovery in comparative biology is so similar to the methodological history of balanced sampling, that it is only an accident of history that they were not discovered by a linguistic typologist. Here we clarify the essential logic behind phylogenetic comparative methods and their fundamental relatedness to a deep intellectual tradition focussed on sampling. Then we introduce concepts, methods and tools which will enable typologists to use these methods in everyday typological research. The key commonality of phylogenetic comparative methods and balanced sampling is that they attempt to deal with statistical non-independence due to genealogy. Whereas sampling can never achieve independence and requires most comparative data to be discarded, phylogenetic comparative methods achieve independence while retaining and using all comparative data. We discuss the essential notions of phylogenetic signal; uncertainty about trees; typological averages and proportions that are sensitive to genealogy; comparison across language families; and the effects of areality. Extensive supplementary materials illustrate computational tools for practical analysis and we illustrate the methods discussed with a typological case study of the laminal contrast in Pama-Nyungan.

Key words areality; balanced sampling; genealogically-sensitive averages; genealogy; linguistic typology; mass comparison; phylogenetic autocorrelation; phylogenetic signal

Object and handling handshapes in 11 sign languages: towards a typology of the iconic use of the hands

Victoria Nyst, Leiden University Center for Linguistics, Leiden, The Netherlands

Marta Morgado, Timothy Mac Hadjah, Marco Nyarko, Mariana Martins, Lisa van der Mark, Evans Burichani, Tano Angoua, Moustapha Magassouba, Dieydi Sylla, Kidane Admasu, Anique Schüller

Abstract This article looks at cross-linguistic variation in lexical iconicity, addressing the question of to what extent and how this variation is patterned. More than in spoken languages, iconicity is highly frequent in the lexicons of sign languages. It is also highly complex, in that often multiple motivated components jointly shape an iconic lexeme. Recent typological research on spoken languages finds tentative iconic patterning in a large number of basic lexical items, underlining once again the significance of iconicity for human language. The uncontested and widespread use of iconicity found in the lexicons of sign languages enables us to take typological research into lexical iconicity to the next level. Indeed, previous studies have shown cross-linguistic variation in: a) the use of embodying and handling handshapes in sign languages (mostly of European origin) and b) the frequency of space-based size depiction in African and European sign languages. The two types of variation may be interrelated, as handling handshapes may use space-based size depiction. In this study, we first replicate earlier studies on the distribution of embodying and handling handshapes, this time in a data set consisting of a relatively large set of sign languages (n = 11), most of which are used in Africa. The results confirm significant variation across these sign languages. These findings are then compared to the use of space-based size depiction, revealing that these patterns independently from the distribution of embodying/handling handshapes. We argue that the results call for expanding typological studies on representational strategies in iconic signs beyond the now relatively well studied instrument/manipulation alternation. Fine-grained analyses on a multitude of iconic features in signs are likely to reveal cross-linguistic variation in iconic tendencies in SL lexicons.

Key words African sign languages; cross-linguistic variation in sign languages; distribution of handling and object handshapes; handshapes and embodiment; lexical iconicity; typology of handshape iconicity

Statistical bias control in typology

Matías Guzmán Naranjo, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

Laura Becker

Abstract In this paper, we propose two new statistical controls for genealogical and areal bias in typological samples. Our test case being the effect of VO-order effect on affix position (prefixation vs. suffixation), we show how statistical modeling including a phylogenetic regression term (phylogenetic control) and a two-dimensional Gaussian Process (areal control) can be used to capture genealogical and areal effects in a large but unbalanced sample. We find that, once these biases are controlled for, VO-order has no effect on affix position. Another important finding, which is in line with previous studies, is that areal effects are as important as genealogical effects, emphasizing the importance of areal or contact control in typological studies built on language samples. On the other hand, we also show that strict probability sampling is not required with the statistical controls that we propose, as long as the sample is a variety sample large enough to cover different areas and families. This has the crucial practical consequence that it allows us to include as much of the available information as possible, without the need to artificially restrict the sample and potentially lose otherwise available information.

Key words affixation; bias control; phylogenetic regression; quantitative typology; sampling; word-order

期刊简介

Linguistic Typology provides a forum for all work of relevance to the study of language typology and cross-linguistic variation. It welcomes work taking a typological perspective on all domains of the structure of spoken and signed languages, including historical change, language processing, and sociolinguistics. Diverse descriptive and theoretical frameworks are welcomed so long as they have a clear bearing on the study of cross-linguistic variation. We welcome cross-disciplinary approaches to the study of linguistic diversity, as well as work dealing with just one or a few languages, as long as it is typologically informed and typologically and theoretically relevant, and contains new empirical evidence.

《语言类型学》为所有有关语言类型学和跨语言差异的研究提供了一个平台。期刊欢迎类型学视角下的有关口语和手势语的结构的所有领域的文章，包括历时演变、语言加工和社会语言学。只要对跨语言差异研究有明确影响，我们也欢迎多样性的描写和理论框架。我们还欢迎以跨学科的方法研究语言多样性的文章，以及关注一种或几种语言的文章，只要其在类型学上有依据、在类型学和理论上相关并包含实证数据。

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