本篇记载的是孔子弟子的言论，包括子张、子夏、子游、曾子、子贡五人。内容涉及学习、道德和人物，从中可以看出孔门弟子对孔子思想的传述和传播，对孔子形象的维护。
19.1 子张曰：“士见危致命，见得思义，祭思敬，丧思哀，其可已矣。”
Tsze-chang said, "The scholar, trained for public duty, seeing threatening danger, is prepared to sacrifice his life. When the opportunity of gain is presented to him, he thinks of righteousness. In sacrificing, his thoughts are reverential. In mourning, his thoughts are about the grief which he should feel. Such a man commands our approbation indeed.
子张说：“士在见到危险的时候能够献出生命，见到利益的时候能够想到道义，祭祀的时候能够想到虔诚，临丧的时候想到哀痛，这也就可以了。”
【解读】子张给士画了一幅像。
19.2 子张曰：“执德不弘，信道不笃，焉能为有？焉能为亡？”
Tsze-chang said, "When a man holds fast to virtue, but without seeking to enlarge it, and believes in right principles, but without firm sincerity, what account can be made of his existence or non-existence?"
子张说：“遵守道德却不能发扬光大，相信道义却不能坚定地信仰，怎么能算作有？又怎么能算作无？”
【解读】我的理解说的是知与行的关系问题。
19.3 子夏之门人问交于子张。子张曰：“子夏云何？”对曰：“子夏曰：‘可者与之，其不可者拒之。’”子张曰：“异乎吾所闻：君子尊贤而容众，嘉善而矜不能。我之大贤与，于人何所不容？我之不贤与，人将拒我，如之何其拒人也？”
The disciples of Tsze-hsia asked Tsze-chang about the principles that should characterize mutual intercourse. Tsze-chang asked, "What does Tsze-hsia say on the subject?" They replied, "Tsze-hsia says: 'associate with those who can advantage you. Put away from you those who cannot do so.'" Tsze-chang observed,” This is different from what i have learned. The superior man honors the talented and virtuous, and bears with all. He praises the good, and pities the incompetent. Am i possessed of great talents and virtue?-who is there among men whom i will not bear with? Am i devoid of talents and virtue?-men will put me away from them. What have we to do with the putting away of others?"
子夏的学生问子张关于交往、交友的问题。子张说：“子夏怎么讲的？”回答说：“子夏说‘可交的就交往，不可教的就拒绝。’”子张说：“跟我听到的不一样：君子贤德的人，同时接纳众人，嘉许好人而同情能力不足的人。我如果是大贤人，对别人还有什么不能容纳的？我如果不是好人，别人将会拒绝同我交往，又怎么能谈得上拒绝他人？”
【解读】子夏厚道老实，孔子以慎教而诲之，诫其泛交而受骗。子张好胜偏激，孔子以泛交而诲之，令其容众而矜不能，克制其偏狂之弊。孔子因材施教。子张不知孔子所教不同，以自己所闻纠正子夏所教，也失之偏颇。看来，生命的感觉极其复杂，不可以固化哪一种看法。要因人而异，因时而异。
19.4 子夏曰：“虽小道，必有可观者焉，致远恐泥，是以君子不为也。”
Tsze-hsia said, "Even in inferior studies and employments there is something worth being looked at; but if it be attempted to carry them out to what is remote, there is a danger of their proving inapplicable. Therefore, the superior man does not practice them."
子夏说：“任何小的技能，都一定有可观的地方，但是想要往远走就恐怕会拘泥，所以君子不做这些事情。”
【解读】我的理解，想干大事就要有大视野、大局观。大局之下的任何一件小事，只要把握规律，都有可取的地方。之所以可取，是由于熟能生巧所致。但是要把握大局，就需要超脱这方面的限制。所以，君子着眼不停留在可观的小事小情上。西方的军事家克劳塞维茨在《战争论》中说过这样一句话：“关于大问题的知识和思想能使人成大材，关于细小和枝节问题的知识和思想，如果不作为与己无关的东西而拒绝接受的话，那就只能使人成小材。”正好可以解释子夏的这句话。君子所为应该在大事上，这正是君子不为小道的原因。子夏是孔子后世传承和阐释孔子思想的一个重要的学生，子夏所言“小道”我以为也是相对而言，从现实的教育状况来看，单纯的专业技能就是“小道”，正如有人说专业技能不是大学的全部一样，放在大学生的整体素质来看，单纯的专业技能无疑是“小道”，所以覃彪喜告诫大学生“不可一业不专，不可只专一业”，这才是大学！就目前的世界的多元文化来看，各家各持己说，都有很深的见地，不可以拘泥一家之说，一旦拘泥一家就会走入迷信。孔子可能早感觉到了这一点，所以圣人无常师。大学之大，也就在能识其大，而不是拘泥细枝末节。
19.5 子夏曰：“日知其所亡，月无忘其所能，可谓好学也已矣。”
Tsze-hsia said, "He, who from day to day recognizes what he has not yet, and from month to month does not forget what he has attained to, may be said indeed to love to learn."
子夏说：“每天都要知道一些自己不知道的东西，每个月都不忘记自己学过的旧知识，这就可以说是好学了。”
【解读】生命成长就是通过学习日积月累的过程，有积累就必须不能单纯依靠记忆，做到“无忘”需要以理解学所为前提。对世界的新奇并弄懂其所以然，这就是生命的成长和进步。“好学”源于新奇。
19.6 子夏曰；“博学而笃志，切问而近思，仁在其中矣。”
Tsze-hsia said, "There are learning extensively, and having a firm and sincere aim; inquiring with earnestness, and reflecting with self-application:-virtue is in such a course."
子夏说：“广泛地学习而又不断坚定自己的意志，诚恳提问，认真思考，‘仁’就在这其中啊。”
【解读】复旦大学把子夏的“博学而笃志，切问而近思” 这句话已经作为校训，来警示学生要不断的追求仁德。当初的校领导可谓用心良苦。
19.7 子夏曰：“百工居肆以成其事，君子学以致其道。”
Tsze-hsia said, "Mechanics have their shops to dwell in, in order to accomplish their works. The superior man learns, in order to reach to the utmost of his principles."
子夏说：“各行各业的工匠在作坊里完成他们的工作，君子则通过学习来达到圣王之道。”
【解读】百工成事，君子成道。百工谋食，君子谋道。百工成事有可观之处，不过就是小道。君子谋道不谋食，仁以为己任，任重而道远。
Tsze-hsia said, "The mean man is sure to gloss his faults."
子夏说：“一般人犯了过错一定会掩饰。”
【解读】这是通常人的心理状态，君子之过，如日月之食，过则勿惮改。对待过错的态度也可以看出做人的境界之别。
19.9 子夏曰：“君子有三变：望之俨然，即之也温，听其言也厉。”
Tsze-hsia said, "The superior man undergoes three Changes. Looked at from a distance, he appears stern; when approached, he is mild; when he is heard to speak, his language is firm and decided."
子夏说：“君子的形象应由三种不同的表现：远远地望着，庄严可畏；向他靠拢，温和可亲；听他讲话，严厉不苟。”
【解读】说的是领导者只有善于自我控制，才能在被管理者心目中树立起完美的形象。与“子温而厉，威而不猛，恭而安”（《论语*述而》）篇所描写有异曲同工之妙。
19.10 子夏曰：“君子信而后劳其民；未信，则以为厉己也。信而后谏，未信则以为谤己也。”
Tsze-hsia said, "The superior man, having obtained their confidence, may then impose labors on his people. If he has not gained their confidence, they will think that he is oppressing them. Having obtained the confidence of his prince, one may then remonstrate with him. If he have not gained his confidence, the prince will think that he is vilifying him."
子夏说：“君子去的老百姓信任后才去让他们做事；没有取得老百姓信任就让他们做事，老百姓就会以为君子是虐待他们；取得信任后才能去规劝，没有取得信任去规劝就会被人认为是在诽谤他。”
【解读】人的心理就是这样，子夏看透了人的心理。人与人之间的关系信任是多么重要，今人却不懂的这一点。孔子“自古皆有死，民无信不立”，这话说得多么中肯。
19.11 子夏曰：“大德不逾闲，小德出入可也。”
Tsze-hsia said, "When a person does not transgress the boundary line in the great virtues, he may pass and repass it in the small virtues."
子夏说：“人在大节上不能超越道德界限，在小节上有些出入是可以的。”
【解读】大德与小德之别，非有大局观不能认识到。大德者逾闲在小德者那里就成了非议的把柄，所以大德者在小节上也应该尽力不授人以柄。小德者无法理解这个道理。《鸿门宴》中的樊哙说的“大行不顾细谨，大礼不辞小让”这句话与子夏这句话有异曲同工之妙。
19.12 子游曰：“子夏之门人小子，当洒扫应对进退，则可矣，抑末也。本之则无，如之何？”子夏闻之，曰：“噫，言游过矣！君子之道，孰先传焉？孰后倦焉？譬诸草木，区以别矣。君子之道，焉可诬也？有始有卒者，其惟圣人乎？”
Tsze-yu said, "The disciples and followers of Tsze-hsia, in sprinkling and sweeping the ground, in answering and replying, in advancing and receding, are sufficiently accomplished. But these are only the branches of learning, and they are left ignorant of what is essential.-how can they be acknowledged as sufficiently taught?"
Tsze-hsia heard of the remark and said, "Alas! Yen yu is wrong. According to the way of the superior man in teaching, what departments are there which he considers of prime importance, and delivers? What are there which he considers of secondary importance, and allows himself to be idle about? But as in the case of plants, which are assorted according to their classes, so he deals with his disciples. How can the way of a superior man be such as to make fools of any of them? Is it not the sage alone, who can unite in one the beginning and the consummation of learning?"
子游说：“子夏的学生，从洒水扫地、迎送宾客、应对进退开始学习，是可以的，不过这是细枝末节。教育的根本却没有，怎么办？”子夏听说后说：“唉，子游的话错了。做君子的学问，哪一项先传授，哪一项后教给呢？就好像花草树木，要区别对待。追求做君子之道，怎么可以随意歪曲呢？有始有终、本末兼顾的教育学生，只有圣人能做到啊。”
【解读】这是子游与子夏传孔子之道时对教育的不同认识。探讨的是教育的起点问题，我以为对大多数学生而言，从日常生活小事起，一点一点的培养习惯很重要。林格曾经说教育就是培养习惯，这是很有道理的。子夏的教育正是从此入手。儒家“洒扫应对进退”之说与佛家“行住坐卧”体道说有异曲同工之妙，儒佛两家都看到了教育的开端自形而下的具体的事物始这一点。
Tsze-hsia said, "The officer, having discharged all his duties, should devote his leisure to learning. The student, having completed his learning, should apply himself to be an officer."
子夏说：“担任官职有余力就要读书学习，读书学习很轻松的时候就应该去担任官职。”
【解读】子夏说的是学习与实践的关系。说的是作领导的如果工作有余闲的精力和时间，做事比较从容的时候，就应该抽出时间多读书。读书学习比较从容自己的时候就要到实践中去锻炼，以便验证所学。遗憾的是后世的人只功力地记得“学而优则仕”，却忘记了“仕而优则学”。今天的领导读书的有几人？工作从容、读书从容的人又有几何？
Tsze-hsia said, "Mourning, having been carried to the utmost degree of grief, should stop with that."
子游说：“服丧能够尽到悲哀之情就够了。”
【解读】凡事都有度，服丧也不能例外。
19.15 子游曰：“吾友张也，为难能也，然而未仁。”
Tsze-hsia said, "My friend Chang can do things which are hard to be done, but yet he is not perfectly virtuous."
子游说：“我的学友子张的做法很是难能可贵，但是还没有到到仁的境界。”
【解读】子游对子张的评价。《朱注》：子张行过高，而少诚实恻怛（dàn）之意。
19.16 曾子曰：“堂堂乎张也，难与并为仁矣。”
The philosopher Tsang said, "How imposing is the manner of Chang! It is difficult along with him to practice virtue."
曾子说：“子张仪表堂堂，却很难与他一道修养仁德。”
【解读】看来子张很难与同学相处。
19.17 曾子曰：“吾闻诸夫子，人未有自致者也，必也亲丧乎。”
The philosopher Tsang said, "I heard this from our master: 'men may not have shown what is in them to the full extent, and yet they will be found to do so, on the occasion of mourning for their parents."
曾子说：“我从老师那里听说过，人没有能够充分表达自己情感的，如果有也一定是为双亲居丧的时候。”
【解读】情至深处的时候自然会“自致”，人群中相比之下只有子女与双亲的感情至深，所以曾子才会这样说。
19.18 曾子曰：“吾闻诸夫子，孟庄子之孝也，其他可能也；其不改父之臣与父之政，是难能也。”
The philosopher Tsang said, "I have heard this from our master:-'the filial piety of mang chwang, in other matters, was what other men are competent to, but, as seen in his not Changing the ministers of his father, nor his father's mode of government, it is difficult to be attained to.'"曾子说：“我从老师那里听说过，孟庄子的孝顺，其他的都能做到；他那不变动父亲的臣下与父亲的政策这一点，是很难得的。”
【解读】孟庄子之孝，不改父道与父之故旧。
19.19 孟氏使阳肤为士师，问于曾子。曾子曰：“上失其道，民散久矣。如得其情，则哀矜而勿喜。”
The chief of the Mang family having appointed yang Fu to be chief criminal judge, the latter consulted the philosopher Tsang. Tsang said, "The rulers have failed in their duties, and the people consequently have been disorganized for along time. When you have found out the truth of any accusation, be grieved for and pity them, and do not feel joy at your own ability."
孟孙氏让阳肤做司法官员，阳肤向曾子请教。曾子说：“统治阶级失去道义，老百姓对统治阶级已经离心离德很久了。你如果弄清百姓犯罪的真情，就应该怜悯他们，而不要自以为明察而沾沾自喜。”
【解读】阳肤，相传是曾子的弟子。曾子告诫弟子对待犯人要给予充分的同情心。
19.20 子贡曰：“纣之不善，不如是之甚也。是以君子恶居下流，天下之恶皆归焉。”
Tsze-kung said, "Chau's wickedness was not so great as that name implies. Therefore, the superior man hates to dwell in a low-lying situation, where all the evil of the world will flow in upon him."
子贡说：“纣王的无道，并不像传说的那样严重。所以君子厌恶处于不利的位置，所有的罪恶都会被推到身上来。”
【解读】我所想到的使君子要长行善道，自强不息。要常常告诫自己“勿以恶小而为之，勿以善小而不为”，切莫失足而致众归其恶。佛家有“五怖畏”，其中之一就是恶名，说的就是同一个道理。
19.21 子贡曰：“君子之过也，如日月之食焉。过也，人皆见之；更也，人皆仰之。”
Tsze-kung said, "The faults of the superior man are like the eclipses of the sun and moon. He has his faults, and all men see them; he Changes again, and all men look up to him."
子贡说：“君子的过失，就像日食月食一样。有过错，谁都能看见；改正过错，人人都敬仰。”
【解读】圣人、君子也会犯错误，贵在能改过。与“小人之过必文”互对。
19.22 卫公孙朝问于子贡曰：“仲尼焉学？”子贡曰：“文武之道，未坠于地，在人。贤者识其大者，不贤者识其小者，莫不有文武之道焉。夫子焉不学？而亦何常师之有？”
Kung-sun Ch'ao of wei asked Tszekung, saying. "From whom did Chung-ni get his learning?"
Tsze-kung replied, "The doctrines of wan and Wu have not yet fallen to the ground. They are to be found among men. Men of talents and virtue remember the greater principles of them, and others, not possessing such talents and virtue, remember the smaller. Thus, all possess the doctrines of wan and Wu. Where could our master go that he should not have an opportunity of learning them? And yet what necessity was there for his having a regular master?"
卫国大夫公孙朝问子贡说：“孔子的学问是从哪里学来的？”子贡说：“文王、武王的道德礼制，并没有失掉，而是流传在人间。贤能的人能知道它的根本，不贤的人只能知道细枝末节，到处都有文武之道。我的老师何处不能学呢？又何必有固定的老师呢？”
【解读】孔子是集大成者，圣人无常师。孔子除了向文献书本学习，还向实践学习，向身边的人学习，见贤思齐，所以无常师。
19.23 叔孙武叔语大夫于朝曰：“子贡贤于仲尼。”子服景伯以告子贡。子贡曰：“譬之宫墙，赐之墙也及肩，窥见室家之好。夫子之墙数仞，不得其门而入，不见宗庙之类，百官之富。得其门者或寡矣。夫子之云，不亦宜乎！”
Shu-sun Wu-shu observed to the great officers in the court, saying, "Tsze-kung is superior to Chung-ni."
Tsze-fu ching-po reported the observation to Tsze-kung, who said, "Let me use the comparison of a house and its encompassing wall. My wall only reaches to the shoulders. One may peep over it, and see whatever is valuable in the apartments.
"The wall of my master is several fathoms high. If one do not find the door and enter by it, he cannot see the ancestral temple with its beauties, nor all the officers in their rich array.
"But i may assume that they are few who find the door. Was not the observation of the chief only what might have been expected?"
叔孙武叔在朝廷上对大夫们说：“子贡比孔子贤明。”子服景伯把这些话告诉了子贡。子贡说：“就好比宫墙，我的墙只有肩膀那样高，能看见屋子里有多好。老师的墙高有无数丈，如果找不到大门进入，就很难看到宗庙的富丽堂皇，房舍的绚丽多姿。能够找到大门的人太少了。叔孙武叔那样说，不是很自然吗？”
【解读】子贡之贤，不仅在于他对老师的那份情感。老师离世后，众弟子独他为老师守孝六年。虽然他甚至自己算不上是老师最好的学生，但老师却永远是他心目中最好的老师。子贡之贤，还在于他至死维护自己的老师，传播自己老师的学说。
19.24 叔孙武叔毁仲尼。子贡曰：“无以为也！仲尼不可毁也。他人之贤者，丘陵也，犹可逾也；仲尼，日月也，无得而逾焉。人虽欲自绝，其何伤于日月乎？多见其不知量也。”
Shu-sun Wu-shu having spoken revilingly of Chung-ni, Tsze-kung said, "It is of no use doing so. Chung-ni cannot be reviled. The talents and virtue of other men are hillocks and mounds which may be stepped over. Chung-ni is the sun or moon, which it is not possible to step over. Although a man may wish to cut himself off from the sage, what harm can he do to the sun or moon? He only shows that he does not know his own capacity.
叔孙武叔诋毁孔子。子贡说：“不要这样做！孔子是不可以诋毁的。别人的贤德，就好比丘陵，还可以逾越；孔子的贤德，就如同日月，是无法逾越的。有人虽然想自绝，又怎么能伤害日月呢？这样做就更多见他不自量力。”
【解读】从子贡的这些话语中，我们能够感受到他对老师的忠诚爱戴。更能看出子贡的灵活、机智和智慧。这样我想到了文化大革命中的那些师生关系，纵然是北大清华的学子，也该愧对子贡。
19.25 陈子禽谓子贡曰：“子为恭也，仲尼岂贤于子乎？”子贡曰：“君子一言以为知，一言以为不知，言不可不慎也。夫子之不可及也，犹天之不可阶而升也。夫子之得邦家者，所谓立之斯立，道之斯行，馁之斯来，动之斯和。其生也荣，其死也哀，如之何其可及也？”
Ch'an Tsze-ch' in, addressing Tsze-kung, said, "You are too modest. How can Chung-ni be said to be superior to you?"
Tsze-kung said to him, "For one word a man is often deemed to be wise, and for one word he is often deemed to be foolish. We ought to be careful indeed in what we say.
"Our master cannot be attained to, just in the same way as the heavens cannot be gone up by the steps of a stair.
"Were our master in the position of the ruler of a state or the chief of a family, we should find verified the description which has been given of a sage’s rule:-he would plant the people, and forthwith they would be established; he would lead them on, and forthwith they would follow him; he would make them happy, and forthwith multitudes would resort to his dominions; he would stimulate them, and forthwith they would be harmonious. While he lived, he would be glorious. When he died, he would be bitterly lamented. How is it possible for him to be attained to?"
陈子禽对子贡说：“你太谦虚了，仲尼怎么会比你强呢？”子贡说：“君子一句话可以表现出他的聪明才智，一句话也可以表现出他的愚蠢和不明智，说话不可以不慎重啊。我的老师没有人能赶得上，就如同天不可能用梯子爬上去一样。我的老师如果能治理一个国家，就能做到所为有所树立就能立得住，有所引导就能使老百姓跟着走，有所安抚就能使远人来归，有所号召就能得到响应，他在世的时候就誉满天下，他死的时候举国哀恸，谁能赶得上他呢？”
【解读】陈子禽，姓陈，名亢，字子禽。与子贡同为孔门弟子，陈子禽小孔子40岁，子贡小孔子32岁。于此，可以看出同出一个师门的学生之间的差别。自此，我们也能看出子贡无论面对什么人，都能坚定地维护老师的形象和尊严。做到如此，没有师生的心心相印是很难做到的。有学生如此，做老师的也就了无遗憾了。
《论语》Confucian Analects (16）季氏第十六
《论语》Confucian Analects (17）阳货第十七
《论语》Confucian Analects (18）微子第十八
《千字文》双语
《弟子规》双语
《孙子兵法》 The Art of War
《大学》 The Great Learning