刚刚，2023年诺贝尔物理学奖揭晓

北京时间10月3日下午17:45，2023年诺贝尔物理学奖揭晓：皮埃尔·阿戈斯蒂尼（Pierre Agostini）、费伦茨·克劳斯（Ferenc Krausz）和安妮·吕利耶（Anne L'Huillier）获奖，以表彰其用于产生阿秒光脉冲以研究物质中电子动力学的实验方法的贡献。（for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter）。

🤔️小作业：

1. What is primarily conveyed about attoseconds in the article?

a) They can be utilized to identify molecules.

b) They are units of time shorter than nanoseconds.

c) They pertain to the rapid movement of electrons.

d) Albert Einstein invented the term.

a) Ferenc Krausz

b) Anne L'Huillier

c) Albert Einstein

d) Eva Olsson

无注释原文：

Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to 3 Scientists for Work on Electrons

From: The New York Times

The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L'Huillier on Tuesday for their experiments that “have given humanity new tools for exploring the world of electrons inside atoms and molecules.”

Electrons' movements in atoms and molecules are so quick that they are measured in “attoseconds,” and the experiments conducted by the three scientists demonstrated that attosecond pulses could be observed and measured, the awarding committee said.

Eva Olsson, the chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics, said at a news conference on Tuesday that attosecond science “allows us to address fundamental questions” such as the time scale of the photoelectric effect for which Albert Einstein received the 1921 Nobel in Physics.

An attosecond is a millionth of a trillionth of a second. The number of them in one second is the same as the number of seconds that have elapsed since the universe came into existence, 13.8 billion years ago, according the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which awards the physics prize.

“Now that the attosecond world has become accessible” the Nobel committee wrote on the social platform X, “these short bursts of light can be used to study the movements of electrons.”

Who are the winners?

Pierre Agostini is an emeritus professor at Ohio State University.

Ferenc Krausz is director at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics in Germany and a professor of experimental physics at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.

Anne L'Huillier is a professor at Lund University in Sweden.

Why did the committee say they were receiving the prize?

“Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L'Huillier have demonstrated a way to create extremely short pulses of light that can be used to measure the rapid processes in which electrons move or change energy,” the awarding committee said.

The laureates' contributions have enabled the investigation of processes so rapid that they were “previously impossible to follow,” it added.

What impact has their work had?

“Through their experiments, this year's laureates have created flashes of light that are short enough to take snapshots of electrons' extremely rapid movements,” the committee said in a news release.

“Anne L'Huillier discovered a new effect from laser light's interaction with atoms in a gas,” the committee said.

“Pierre Agostini and Ferenc Krausz demonstrated that this effect can be used to create shorter pulses of light than were previously possible,” the committee added.

The three laureates' work will pave the way for potential applications in areas including electronics and medicine, Dr. Olsson said.

According to the awarding committee, attosecond pulses can also be used to identify different molecules, such as in medical diagnostics.

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注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to 3 Scientists for Work on Electrons

From: The New York Times

The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L'Huillier on Tuesday for their experiments that “have given humanity new tools for exploring the world of electrons inside atoms and molecules.”

周二，皮埃尔·阿戈斯蒂尼（Pierre Agostini）、费伦茨·克劳斯（Ferenc Krausz）和安妮·吕利耶（Anne L'Huillier）因其实验“为人类探索原子和分子内部电子世界提供了新工具”，被授予诺贝尔物理学奖。

electron /iˈlek.trɒn/ 表示“电子”，英文解释为“an extremely small piece of matter with a negative electrical charge”

atom /ˈæt.əm/ 表示“原子”，英文解释为“the smallest unit of any chemical element, consisting of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons. Atoms can combine to form a molecule”举个🌰：A molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. 二氧化碳（CO2）分子是由一个碳原子和两个氧原子构成的。

molecule /ˈmɒl.ɪ.kjuːl/ 表示“分子”，英文解释为“the smallest unit, consisting of a group of atoms, into which a substance can be divided without a change in its chemical nature”举个🌰：A molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. 水分子由两个氢原子和一个氧原子构成。

形容词性：

📍molecular /məʊˈlɛkjʊlə/ 表示“分子的”，英文解释为“Molecular means relating to or involving molecules.”，如：the molecular structure of fuel 燃料的分子结构。

Electrons' movements in atoms and molecules are so quick that they are measured in “attoseconds,” and the experiments conducted by the three scientists demonstrated that attosecond pulses could be observed and measured, the awarding committee said.

评奖委员会称，电子在原子和分子中的运动速度极快，以至于需要以“阿秒”（attosecond）来度量，而这三位科学家的实验表明，阿秒脉冲是可以观测和测量的。

Attosecond是时间的一个非常短的单位。1 attosecond 等于 10^-18 秒，也就是0.000000000000000001秒。它是秒的十的负十八次方，通常用于描述极其短暂的时间间隔，特别是在研究原子和分子的电子动态时。在这种时间尺度上，科学家们可以观察到电子在原子和分子中的实时运动。

demonstrate /ˈdem.ən.streɪt/ 表示“显示；表明”，英文解释为“to show or make make something clear”举个🌰：Research has demonstrated that babies can recognize their mother's voice very soon after birth. 研究表明，婴儿出生后很快就能辨识母亲的声音。

pulse /pʌls/ 1）表示“脉搏”，英文解释为“the regular beating of the heart, especially when it is felt at the wrist or side of the neck”举个🌰：The child's pulse was strong/weak. 那个孩子的脉搏很有力/虚弱。

2）表示“（声波或光波的）脉冲”，英文解释为“a short period of energy that is repeated regularly, such as a short, loud sound or a short flash of light”举个🌰：The data, normally transmitted electronically, can be changed into pulses of light. 这一数据通常是电子传送的，现在可被改为光波脉冲。

Eva Olsson, the chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics, said at a news conference on Tuesday that attosecond science “allows us to address fundamental questions” such as the time scale of the photoelectric effect for which Albert Einstein received the 1921 Nobel in Physics.

诺贝尔物理学委员会主席伊娃·奥尔森（Eva Olsson）在周二的新闻发布会上提到，阿秒科学“让我们能够解决基本问题”，比如光电效应的时间尺度问题，阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦（Albert Einstein）正是因此获得了1921年诺贝尔物理学奖。

1）表示“标度，刻度；等级”，英文解释为“a set of numbers, amounts, etc., used to measure or compare the level of something”如：the Centigrade/Fahrenheit scale 摄氏/华氏温标。

2）表示“比例；比例尺”，英文解释为“the relation between the real size of something and its size on a map, model, or diagram”如：a scale of 1:10,000 比例尺为1:10000。

3）表示“大小；规模；范围”，英文解释为“the size or level of something, especially when this is large”举个🌰：We don't yet know the scale of the problem. 我们还不知道问题有多严重。

photoelectric /ˌfəʊ.təʊ.ɪˈlek.trɪk/ 表示“光电的”，英文解释为“of or using an electrical current or voltage that is produced because of light”

An attosecond is a millionth of a trillionth of a second. The number of them in one second is the same as the number of seconds that have elapsed since the universe came into existence, 13.8 billion years ago, according the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which awards the physics prize.

1阿秒等于10^-18秒。根据颁发物理学奖的瑞典皇家科学院的说法，每秒包含的飞秒数量与138亿年前宇宙诞生以来流逝的秒数相同。

trillionth /ˈtrɪl.jənθ/ 表示“万亿的序数词，第一万亿个”举个🌰：The company's web engineers said they had registered the trillionth web page available via the search engine. 该公司的网络工程师表示，他们已经通过搜索引擎发现了第1万亿个网页。

elapse /iˈlæps/ 表示“（时间）流逝，过去”，英文解释为“If time elapses, it goes past.”举个🌰：Four years had elapsed since he left college. 他大学毕业4年了。

“Now that the attosecond world has become accessible” the Nobel committee wrote on the social platform X, “these short bursts of light can be used to study the movements of electrons.”

诺贝尔委员会在社交平台X上写道：“如今我们能探索阿秒世界，利用这些短暂的光闪来研究电子的运动。”

burst /bɜːst/ 作动词，表示“（使）爆裂，胀开”，英文解释为“to break open or apart, especially because of pressure from inside; to make sth break in this way”举个🌰：That balloon will burst if you blow it up any more. 你再给气球充气，它就要爆了。

📍burst in/into (somewhere) 表示“突然闯入（房间或建筑）”，英文解释为“to enter a room or building suddenly and without warning”举个🌰：The side door of the bar flew open and three men burst in. 酒吧的侧门猛地开了，三个男人闯了进来。

作名词，还可以表示“（尤指短期的）突然增加；迸发”，英文解释为“a sudden increase in something, especially for a short period”如：a burst of speed/applause/laughter 突然的加速/一阵掌声/一阵大笑。

Who are the winners? 获奖者介绍

Pierre Agostini is an emeritus professor at Ohio State University.

皮埃尔·阿戈斯蒂尼是俄亥俄州立大学的荣誉教授。

emeritus /ɪˈmɛrɪtəs/ 表示“（常指大学教师）退休后保留头衔的，荣誉退休的”，英文解释为“(often Emeritus) used with a title to show that a person, usually a university teacher, keeps the title as an honour, although he or she has stopped working”，如：the Emeritus Professor of Biology 荣誉退休的生物学教授。

Ferenc Krausz is director at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics in Germany and a professor of experimental physics at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.

费伦茨·克劳斯是德国马克斯普朗克量子光学研究所所长，同时也是路德维希-马克西米利安-慕尼黑大学实验物理学教授。

quantum /ˈkwɒn.təm/ 表示“量子”，英文解释为“the smallest amount or unit of something, especially energy”如：quantum theory 量子理论。

optics /ˈɒp.tɪks/ 表示“光学”，英文解释为“the study of light and of instruments using light”

Anne L'Huillier is a professor at Lund University in Sweden.

安妮·吕利耶是瑞典隆德大学教授。

Why did the committee say they were receiving the prize? 为何获奖？

“Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L'Huillier have demonstrated a way to create extremely short pulses of light that can be used to measure the rapid processes in which electrons move or change energy,” the awarding committee said.

评奖委员会表示：“皮埃尔·阿戈斯蒂尼、费伦茨·克劳斯和安妮·吕利耶展示了如何创造极短的光脉冲，以测量电子运动或能量变化的快速过程。”

The laureates' contributions have enabled the investigation of processes so rapid that they were “previously impossible to follow,” it added.

评奖委员会补充说，“获奖者的贡献使得人们能够研究如此快速以至于‘以前无法跟踪’的过程。”

laureate /ˈlɔːrɪɪt/ 表示“荣誉获得者；获奖者”，英文解释为“a person who has been given an official honour or prize for sth important they have achieved”，如：a Nobel laureate 诺贝尔奖获得者。

What impact has their work had? 其影响如何？

“Through their experiments, this year's laureates have created flashes of light that are short enough to take snapshots of electrons' extremely rapid movements,” the committee said in a news release.

评奖委员会在新闻稿中表示：“今年的获奖者，在实验中产生了足够短的光脉冲，以拍摄电子极速运动的快照。”

snapshot /ˈsnæp.ʃɒt/ 表示“照片，快照”，英文解释为“a photograph”

“Anne L'Huillier discovered a new effect from laser light's interaction with atoms in a gas,” the committee said.

评奖委员会说：“安妮·吕利耶发现了激光与气体中原子相互作用时的新效应。”

“Pierre Agostini and Ferenc Krausz demonstrated that this effect can be used to create shorter pulses of light than were previously possible,” the committee added.

评奖委员会还说：“皮埃尔·阿戈斯蒂尼和费伦茨·克劳斯证明，这种效应可以用来产生比以前更短的光脉冲。”

The three laureates' work will pave the way for potential applications in areas including electronics and medicine, Dr. Olsson said.

奥尔森博士表示，三位获奖者的工作将为电子和医学等领域的潜在应用奠定基础。

表示“（为…）铺平道路，（为…）创造条件”，英文解释为“If something paves the way for/to something else, it makes the other thing possible.”举个🌰：Scientists hope that data from the probe will pave the way for a more detailed exploration of Mars. 科学家们希望探测飞船发回的数据会为更深入地探索火星提供条件。

According to the awarding committee, attosecond pulses can also be used to identify different molecules, such as in medical diagnostics.

根据评奖委员会的说法，阿秒脉冲也可以应用于识别不同的分子，如在医学诊断中。

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