韦氏词典公布2021年度词汇：Vaccine
今天，韦氏词典（Merriam-Webster）公布了2021年度词汇：Vaccine（疫苗）。
前几天，牛津词典公布2021年度词汇：Vax；去年，韦氏词典公布2020年度词汇：Pandemic.
无注释原文：
Merriam-Webster chooses vaccine as the 2021 word of the year
AP NEWS
With an expanded definition to reflect the times, Merriam-Webster has declared an omnipresent truth as its 2021 word of the year: vaccine.
“This was a word that was extremely high in our data every single day in 2021,” Peter Sokolowski, Merriam-Webster’s editor-at-large, told The Associated Press ahead of Monday’s announcement.
“It really represents two different stories. One is the science story, which is this remarkable speed with which the vaccines were developed. But there’s also the debates regarding policy, politics and political affiliation. It’s one word that carries these two huge stories,” he said.
The selection follows “vax” as word of the year from the folks who publish the Oxford English Dictionary. And it comes after Merriam-Webster chose “pandemic” as tops in lookups last year on its online site.
At Merriam-Webster, lookups for “vaccine” increased 601% over 2020, when the first U.S. shot was administered in New York in December after quick development, and months of speculation and discussion over efficacy. The world’s first jab occurred earlier that month in the UK.
Compared to 2019, when there was little urgency or chatter about vaccines, Merriam-Webster logged an increase of 1,048% in lookups this year. Debates over inequitable distribution, vaccine mandates and boosters kept interest high, Sokolowski said. So did vaccine hesitancy and friction over vaccine passports.
The word “vaccine” wasn’t birthed in a day, or due to a single pandemic. The first known use stretches back to 1882 but references pop up earlier related to fluid from cowpox pustules used in inoculations, Sokolowski said. It was borrowed from the New Latin “vaccina,” which goes back to Latin’s feminine “vaccinus,” meaning “of or from a cow.” The Latin for cow is “vacca,” a word that might be akin to the Sanskrit “vasa,” according to Merriam-Webster.
Inoculation, on the other hand, dates to 1714, in one sense referring to the act of injecting an “inoculum.”
Earlier this year, Merriam-Webster added to its online entry for “vaccine” to cover all the talk of mRNA vaccines, or messenger vaccines such as those for COVID-19 developed by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna.
While other dictionary companies choose words of the year by committee, Merriam-Webster bases its selection on lookup data, paying close attention to spikes and, more recently, year-over-year increases in searches after weeding out evergreens. The company has been declaring a word of the year since 2008. Among its runners-up in the word biography of 2021:
INSURRECTION: Interest was driven by the deadly Jan. 6 siege on the U.S. Capitol. Arrests continue, as do congressional hearings over the attack by supporters of President Donald Trump.
Searches for the word increased by 61,000% over 2020, Sokolowksi said.
INFRASTRUCTURE: President Joe Biden was able to deliver what Trump often spoke of but never achieved: A bipartisan infrastructure bill signed into law.
“Many people asked, what is infrastructure if it’s not made out of steel or concrete? Infrastructure, in Latin, means underneath the structure,” he said.
PERSEVERANCE: It’s the name of NASA’s latest Mars rover. It landed Feb. 18, 2021. “Perseverance is the most sophisticated rover NASA has ever sent to the Red Planet, with a name that embodies NASA’s passion, and our nation’s capability, to take on and overcome challenges,” the space agency said.
The name was thought up by Alexander Mather, a 14-year-old seventh-grader at Lake Braddock Secondary School in Burke, Virginia. He participated in an essay contest organized by NASA. He was one of 28,000 K-12 students to submit entries.
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注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
Merriam-Webster chooses vaccine as the 2021 word of the year
AP NEWS
With an expanded definition to reflect the times, Merriam-Webster has declared an omnipresent truth as its 2021 word of the year: vaccine.
通过扩大定义以反映时代，韦氏词典（Merriam-Webster）宣布一个无处不在的事实作为其2021年度词汇：vaccine（疫苗）。
omnipresent
omnipresent /ˌɒmnɪˈpreznt/ 表示“无所不在的”，英文解释为“Something that is omnipresent is present everywhere or seems to be always present. ”举个🌰：
The sound of sirens was an omnipresent background noise in New York.
在纽约，警报声是无处不在的背景噪音。
📍omni-前缀表示“总；全部；遍”（of all things; in all ways or places），如：omnipresent 无所不在，omniscient 无所不知的；全知全能的；博闻广识的，omnivore 杂食动物。
回顾一下TikTok和甲骨文沃尔玛初步达成三方意向文中出现的omnichannel表示“多渠道；全渠道”，英文解释为“used to refer to a way of selling products that is the same and equally good for the customer whether they are buying from a computer, a mobile phone app, etc., or in a physical shop”。
“This was a word that was extremely high in our data every single day in 2021,” Peter Sokolowski, Merriam-Webster's editor-at-large, told The Associated Press ahead of Monday's announcement.
“这是一个2021年的每一天都在我们的数据中排名极高的词，”韦氏词典特约编辑彼得·索科洛夫斯基（Peter Sokolowski）在周一公布之前告诉美联社（The Associated Press）。
“It really represents two different stories. One is the science story, which is this remarkable speed with which the vaccines were developed. But there's also the debates regarding policy, politics and political affiliation. It's one word that carries these two huge stories,” he said.
“这确实代表了两个不同的含义。一个是科学层面的，即疫苗研发的惊人速度。另一个是关于政策、政治和政治派别的争论。这是一个承载着两个截然不同层面的词，”他说。
affiliation
表示“隶属（关系）；从属关系；联系”，英文解释为“a connection with a political party or religion, or with a larger organization”举个🌰：
The group has affiliations with several organizations abroad.
该团体和数个国外组织有联系。
The selection follows “vax” as word of the year from the folks who publish the Oxford English Dictionary. And it comes after Merriam-Webster chose “pandemic” as tops in lookups last year on its online site.
此前，“vax”一词被选为《牛津英语词典》（Oxford English Dictionary）年度词汇。去年，韦氏词典在其在线网站上选择了“pandemic”作为其年度词汇。
At Merriam-Webster, lookups for “vaccine” increased 601% over 2020, when the first U.S. shot was administered in New York in December after quick development, and months of speculation and discussion over efficacy. The world's first jab occurred earlier that month in the UK.
韦氏词典中，“vaccine”（疫苗）一词的查询量比2020年增加了601%，当时美国的第一针新冠疫苗在经过快速研发以及对疗效数月的猜测和讨论后于12月在纽约被注射。世界上的第一针新冠疫苗当月早些时候在英国被注射。
administer
administration应该都不陌生，administer作动词，用来表示“管理，治理”（to manage the work or money of a company or organization），或者是表示“执行，实施；给予”，英文解释为“to provide or organize something officially as part of your job”举个🌰：
It is not the job of the police to administer justice; that falls to the courts.
司法不是警方的职责，而是法院的职责。
然而，此处并不是这个含义，算是熟词僻义，指的是“施用（药物），给予（治疗），派发（药物）”，英文解释为“to give someone a medicine or medical treatment”举个🌰：
Painkillers were administered to the boy.
已给那个男孩服了止痛药。
speculation
表示“推测；猜测；推断”，英文解释为“the act of forming opinions about what has happened or what might happen without knowing all the facts”举个🌰：
There was widespread speculation that she was going to resign.
人们纷纷推测她将辞职。
jab
jab /dʒæb/ 1）原意表示“戳；刺；捅；猛击 ”，英文解释为“to push a pointed object into sb/sth, or in the direction of sb/sth, with a sudden strong movement”举个🌰：
She jabbed him in the ribs with her finger.
她用手指捅了捅他的腰。
2）还可以表示“注射”，等同于injection，如： a flu jab 流感预防针，举个🌰：
You'll need some jabs if you're going to USA.
如果你去美国，需要打一些防疫针。
Compared to 2019, when there was little urgency or chatter about vaccines, Merriam-Webster logged an increase of 1,048% in lookups this year. Debates over inequitable distribution, vaccine mandates and boosters kept interest high, Sokolowski said. So did vaccine hesitancy and friction over vaccine passports.
与2019年相比，当时疫苗并不紧急也鲜有讨论，韦氏词典中今年该词的查询记录增加了1048%。索科洛夫斯基说，关于疫苗分配不均、疫苗强制接种（vaccine mandates）和疫苗加强针（boosters）的争论一直备受关注。疫苗犹豫（vaccine hesitancy）以及疫苗护照（vaccine passport）的争论也是如此。
chatter
1）表示“喋喋不休的谈话；唠叨”，英文解释为“conversation about things that are not important”举个🌰：
I can't concentrate with her constant chatter.
她一直唠唠叨叨，我没法集中精力。
2）另一个含义表示“网上的交流”（communication between people over the internet）。
mandate
mandate作动词，有一个含义表示“强制执行”，英文解释为“To mandate something means to make it mandatory.”举个🌰：
The proposed initiative would mandate a reduction of carbon dioxide of 40%.
这个倡议将把二氧化碳排放量强制降低40%。
vaccine hesitancy
Vaccine hesitancy is a delay in acceptance, or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services. The term covers outright refusals to vaccinate, delaying vaccines, accepting vaccines but remaining uncertain about their use, or using certain vaccines but not others. (Wikipedia)
疫苗犹豫是指尽管可以接种疫苗，但仍延迟或拒绝接受疫苗。疫苗犹豫原因复杂，可随时间、地点、疫苗的不同而有所差异，受到自满、便利性、风险感知能力、患者长寿于接种者等因素的影响。疫苗犹豫包括完全拒绝接种疫苗、推迟接种疫苗、接种了疫苗但不信任而要强制他人、或仅使用某些疫苗但不使用其他疫苗。
📍若是完全反对疫苗，会被称为反疫苗人士（anti-vaxxer；这种思想叫做anti-vaccinationism或anti-vax beliefs）。
friction
表示“（观点不同者之间的）摩擦，不和”，英文解释为“disagreement or unfriendliness caused by people having different opinions”举个🌰：
There's a lot of friction between my wife and my mother.
我妻子和我母亲之间有很多龃龉。
vaccine passport
An immunity passport, immunity certificate, health pass or release certificate (among other names used by various local authorities) is a document, whether in paper or digital format, attesting that its bearer has a degree of immunity to a contagious disease. Public certification is an action that governments can take to mitigate an epidemic.
疫苗护照（Vaccine passport）或免疫证明、免疫护照（Immunity passport），是一份载明持证人已接种特定疫苗或证明对指定病毒免疫的证明。疫情在全球范围爆发后，一些国家开始对“免疫护照”提出设想，但国际社会对此看法不一，支持者认为此举有助于逐步恢复跨境流动、全球经济复苏；反对者认为“免疫护照”在隐私、科学性方面存在质疑。（维基百科）
The word “vaccine” wasn't birthed in a day, or due to a single pandemic. The first known use stretches back to 1882 but references pop up earlier related to fluid from cowpox pustules used in inoculations, Sokolowski said. It was borrowed from the New Latin “vaccina,” which goes back to Latin's feminine “vaccinus,” meaning “of or from a cow.” The Latin for cow is “vacca,” a word that might be akin to the Sanskrit “vasa,” according to Merriam-Webster.
“疫苗”这个词不是在一天之内诞生的，也不是由于一次疫情而产生的。索科洛夫斯基说，已知首次使用可以追溯到1882年，但在更早的时候就出现了与接种中使用的牛痘脓疱的液体有关的参考资料。它是从新拉丁语“vaccina”中引入的，可以追溯到拉丁语的阴性词“vaccinus”，意思是“牛的或来自牛的”。根据韦氏词典，拉丁文中的牛是“vacca”，这个词可能与梵文的“vasa”相近。
stretch
表示“延续”，英文解释为“to spread over a long period of time”举个🌰：
The dispute stretches back over many years.
这场争论可追溯到许多年以前。
cowpox
cowpox /ˈkaʊˌpɒks/ 表示“牛痘”，英文解释为“a disease in cattle”
pustule
pustule /ˈpʌstjuːl/ 表示“脓疱”，英文解释为“a small raised area on the skin that contains pus (= thick liquid)”
inoculation
inoculation /ɪˌnɑːkjuˈleɪʃn/ 表示“接种；预防注射”，英文解释为“the action of inoculating or of being inoculated; vaccination.”
akin to sth
表示“与某物相似的，与某物类似的”，英文解释为“very similar to something”举个🌰：
Something akin to panic overwhelmed him.
一种近似惊恐的感觉使他不知所措。
Inoculation, on the other hand, dates to 1714, in one sense referring to the act of injecting an “inoculum.”
另一方面，接种可以追溯到1714年，在某种意义上是指注射“接种物”的行为。
Earlier this year, Merriam-Webster added to its online entry for “vaccine” to cover all the talk of mRNA vaccines, or messenger vaccines such as those for COVID-19 developed by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna.
今年早些时候，韦氏词典在其在线词条中增加了“vaccine”（疫苗）一词，以涵盖所有关于mRNA疫苗或信使疫苗的讨论，如辉瑞-生物技术公司和Moderna公司研发的COVID-19疫苗。
While other dictionary companies choose words of the year by committee, Merriam-Webster bases its selection on lookup data, paying close attention to spikes and, more recently, year-over-year increases in searches after weeding out evergreens. The company has been declaring a word of the year since 2008. Among its runners-up in the word biography of 2021:
当其他词典公司通过委员会选择年度词汇时，韦氏词典则根据查询数据进行选择，密切关注搜索量的峰值和最近在剔除常驻词后的同比增长。该公司自2008年以来每年都公布年度词汇。2021年候选词汇有：
spike
在剑桥词典公布2020年度词汇：Quarantine中同样出现了这个词，1）作名词，可以理解为“峰值”或者“激增；猛增；急升”，英文解释为“a sharp increase in the magnitude or concentration of something”，如：a spike in oil prices 油价的急剧上涨。
2）也可以作动词，同样表示“激增”，英文解释为“if the number or rate of something spikes, it increases quickly and by a large amount ”举个🌰：
New orders have spiked in the last two years.
新订单在过去两年里激增。
weed out
表示“清除；剔除；淘汰”，英文解释为“to get rid of unwanted things or people from a group”举个🌰：
The first round of interviews only really serves to weed out the very weakest of applicants.
第一轮面试实际上只是要淘汰那些实力最弱的申请者。
🎬电影《美眉校探》（Veronica Mars）中的台词提到：I'm just gonna go out there, see my dad...and help Logan weed out the shysters. 我只是去那儿看我爸爸...并且帮助罗根赶走那些讼棍。
runner-up
表示“亚军，第二名”，英文解释为“A runner-up is someone who has finished in second place in a race or competition.”注意，复数形式为runners-up，举个🌰：
The ten runners-up will receive a case of wine.
那10名亚军将得到一箱葡萄酒。
区分：
📍run-up表示“（重要事件的）前夕，前奏，前期，准备阶段”，英文解释为“the run-up to sth the period of time just before an important event”，如：in the run-up to Christmas 圣诞节前夕；
📍run-up也可以指“（踢球、跳高等之前的）助跑，助跑距离”，英文解释：the act of running, or the distance that you run, before you kick a ball, jump over a pole etc.
INSURRECTION: Interest was driven by the deadly Jan. 6 siege on the U.S. Capitol. Arrests continue, as do congressional hearings over the attack by supporters of President Donald Trump.
INSURRECTION（叛乱）：1月6日对美国国会大厦的致命围攻而引人关注。逮捕行动仍在继续，国会对前总统唐纳德·特朗普（Donald Trump）的支持者的袭击事件的听证会也在继续。
insurrection
表示“起义，暴动，造反，叛乱”，英文解释为“an organized attempt by a group of people to defeat their government and take control of their country, usually by violence”。
siege
siege /siːdʒ/ 表示“围攻；包围”，英文解释为“the surrounding of a place by an armed force in order to defeat those defending it”。
Searches for the word increased by 61,000% over 2020, Sokolowksi said.
索科洛夫斯基说，对这个词的搜索比2020年增加了61,000%。
INFRASTRUCTURE: President Joe Biden was able to deliver what Trump often spoke of but never achieved: A bipartisan infrastructure bill signed into law.
INFRASTRUCTURE（基础设施）：乔·拜登（Joe Biden）总统能够兑现特朗普经常谈到但从未实现的东西。两党共同签署的基础设施法案成为法律。
bipartisan
表示“为两党派所支持的；包括两个党派的”，英文解释为“supported by or consisting of two political parties”。
“Many people asked, what is infrastructure if it's not made out of steel or concrete? Infrastructure, in Latin, means underneath the structure,” he said.
他说：“许多人问，如果不是由钢铁或混凝土制成，什么是基础设施？基础设施，在拉丁语中，意思是在结构的下面。”
underneath
表示“在…底下；在…下面”，英文解释为“under or below”举个🌰：
He was wearing a garish T-shirt underneath his shirt.
他在衬衫里面穿了件花哨的T恤衫。
PERSEVERANCE: It's the name of NASA's latest Mars rover. It landed Feb. 18, 2021. “Perseverance is the most sophisticated rover NASA has ever sent to the Red Planet, with a name that embodies NASA's passion, and our nation's capability, to take on and overcome challenges,” the space agency said.
PERSEVERANCE（毅力）：这是美国宇航局最新的火星车的名字。它于2021年2月18日着陆。宇航局说，“毅力号是美国宇航局有史以来派往火星的最先进的火星车，它的名字体现了美国宇航局的热情和我们国家的能力，以迎接和克服挑战。”
perseverance
Perseverance（毅力；韧性；不屈不挠，坚持不懈）。Perseverance这一词，剑桥词典官方给出的释义为：continued effort to do or achieve something, even when this is difficult or takes a long time. 指的是即使很困难或需要很长时间，仍持续努力做某事或达成某事。
rover
rover常见意思是“流浪者；漫游者”（a person who roves; wanderer），此处rover的英文解释为“a vehicle for exploring the surface of an extraterrestrial body (as the moon or Mars)”，即指部署在火星/月球上的探测器，即火星车/月球车，此前在「嗯，用不了多久...」一文中就提到美国的火星探测车（亦称为机遇号/机会号/火星探测漫游者-B，MER-B）因火星尘暴与地球“失联”3个多月时就这么表达：An American rover called Opportunity stopped working six months ago in a dust storm, but may revive if wind blows the dust off its solar panels.
📍此外，我们常听说的汽车品牌“路虎”的英文就是“Land Rover”。
Land Rover is a luxury car brand that specialises in four-wheel-drive vehicles, owned by British multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover, which has been owned by India's Tata Motors since 2008.（Wikipedia）
路虎是英国的全地形车和运动型多用途车品牌，隶属于捷豹路虎，总部位于英国考文垂怀特利（Whitley）。
embody
1）表示“体现（思想或品质）；具体象征；代表”，英文解释为“To embody an idea or quality means to be a symbol or expression of that idea or quality.”举个🌰：
Jack Kennedy embodied all the hopes of the 1960s.
杰克•肯尼迪体现了20世纪60年代的全部希望。
2）表示“包含；收录”，英文解释为“If something is embodied in a particular thing, the second thing contains or consists of the first.”举个🌰：
The proposal has been embodied in a draft resolution.
这项提议已经被包含在一份决议草案中。
The name was thought up by Alexander Mather, a 14-year-old seventh-grader at Lake Braddock Secondary School in Burke, Virginia. He participated in an essay contest organized by NASA. He was one of 28,000 K-12 students to submit entries.
这个名字是弗吉尼亚州（Virginia）伯克市（Burke）布拉多克湖中学（Lake Braddock Secondary School）14岁的七年级学生亚历山大·马瑟（Alexander Mather）想出来的。他参加了美国宇航局组织的一次作文比赛。他是提交作品的28,000名K-12学生之一。
entry
表示“参赛作品；参赛答卷”，英文解释为“An entry for a competition is a piece of work, a story or drawing, or the answers to a set of questions, which you complete in order to take part in the competition.”
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