刊讯｜SSCI 期刊《国际语料库语言学杂志》2022年第1-4期

International Journal of Corpus Linguistics

Volume 27, Issues 1-2, 2022

International Journal of Corpus Linguistics（SSCI三区，2021IF：0.919）2022年第1-4期共刊文25篇。

2022年第1-2期共发文12篇，其中研究性论文8篇，书评4篇。研究性论文涉及英语和德语中的N-is/ist构式、机器翻译、话语标记与连贯关系、西班牙语语料库、自动错误检测、hapax/type ratio (HTR)、关联测量、语言变体等。2022年第3期共发文6篇，其中研究性论文4篇，书评2篇；第4期为特刊，主题为“通过语料库研究语言演变” (Corpus studies of language through time)，共发文7篇，其中研究性论文6篇。研究论文涉及英语历史词库、语料库辅助话语研究、学习者语料库、历时分析、多重对应分析、词汇发展等。

目录（第1-2期）

Issue1

ARTICLES

■(The) fact is … /(Die) Tatsache ist … focaliser constructions in English and German are similar but subject to different constraints, by Marianne Hundt and Rahel Oppliger | pp. 1–30.

■Universals in machine translation? A corpus-based study of Chinese-English translations by WeChat Translate, by Jinru Luo and Dechao Li | pp. 31–58

■The syntax and semantics of coherence relations: From relative configurations to predictive signals, by Ludivine Crible | pp. 59–92

■The Sociolinguistic Speech Corpus of Chilean Spanish (COSCACH): A socially stratified text, audio and video corpus with multiple speech styles, by Scott Sadowsky | pp. 93–125

BOOK REVIEWS

■ Rüdiger, S. & Dayter, D. (Eds.) (2020). Corpus Approaches to Social Media. John Benjamins, Reviewed by Elen Le Foll | pp. 126–132

■Čermáková, A. & Malá, M. (Eds.) (2021). Variation in Time and Space. Observing the World through Corpora. De Gruyter, Reviewed by Arja Nurmi | pp. 133–138

Issue2

ARTICLES

■Verb form error detection in written English of Chinese EFL learners: A study based on Link Grammar and Pattern Grammar, by Gong Chen and Maocheng Liang | pp. 139–165

■The hapax / type ratio: An indicator of minimally required sample size in productivity studies?, by Niek Van Wettere | pp. 166–190

■A multi-dimensional comparison of the effectiveness and efficiency of association measures in collocation extraction, by Yaochen Deng and Dilin Liu | pp. 191–219

■Degrees of non-standardness: Feature-based analysis of variation in a Torlak dialect corpus, by Teodora Vuković, Anastasia Escher, and Barbara Sonnenhauser | pp. 220–247

BOOK REVIEWS

■ Stefanowitsch, A. (2020). Corpus Linguistics: A Guide to the Methodology. Language Science Press, Reviewed by Kevin F Gerigk | pp. 248–253

■ Feng, Haoda (2020). Form, Meaning and Function in Collocation: A Corpus Study on Commercial Chinese-to-English Translation. Routledge, Reviewed by Mehrdad Vasheghani Farahani | pp. 254–259

摘要

(The) fact is … /(Die) Tatsache ist … focaliser constructions in English and German are similar but subject to different constraints

Marianne Hundt & Rahel Oppliger, University of Zurich

Abstract N-is/ist constructions are elements in the left periphery of English/German sentences that have developed pragmatic meaning: they can be used as discourse markers with various functions, depending on the nominal element that is used in the construction. We use evidence from parallel and comparable corpora of English and German to investigate variable article use in these focaliser constructions and model factors that may play a role in article omission/retention (such as modification, choice of head noun, degree of syntactic integration of the focaliser). Our evidence shows that article use largely depends on the lexical head in German but is constrained by different factors in English (notably modification). We interpret our results against the backdrop of construction grammar, arguing that article omission plays a different role in the two languages. From a contrastive point of view, formal syntactic separation in English is easier to achieve than in German and thus facilitates use of English N-is constructions as focalisers.

Key words N-is construction, variable article use, contrastive analysis, usage-based probabilistic modelling, construction grammar

Universals in machine translation? A corpus-based study of Chinese-English translations by WeChat Translate

Jinru Luo & Dechao Li, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract By examining and comparing the linguistic patterns in a self-built corpus of Chinese-English translations produced by WeChat Translate, the latest online machine translation app from the most popular social media platform (WeChat) in China, this study explores such questions as whether or not and to what extent simplification and normalization (hypothesized Translation Universals) exhibit themselves in these translations. The results show that, whereas simplification cannot be substantiated, the tendency of normalization to occur in the WeChat translations can be confirmed. The research finds that these results are caused by the operating mechanism of machine translation (MT) systems. Certain salient words tend to prime WeChat’s MT system to repetitively resort to typical language patterns, which leads to a significant overuse of lexical chunks. It is hoped that the present study can shed new light on the development of MT systems and encourage more corpus-based product-oriented research on MT.

Key words Translation Universals, machine translation, WeChat Translate , simplification, normalization

The syntax and semantics of coherence relations: From relative configurations to predictive signals

Ludivine Crible, Ghent University

Abstract This corpus-based study investigates the inter-relation between discourse markers (DMs) and other contextual signals that contribute to the interpretation of coherence relations. The objectives are three-fold: (i) to provide a comprehensive and systematic portrait of the syntax and semantics of a set of coherence relations in English; (ii) to draw a distinction between mere tendencies of co-occurrence and strong predictive signals; (iii) to identify factors that account for the variation of these signals, focusing on relation complexity, DM strength and genre preferences. The methodology combines systematic coding (description) and multivariate statistical modelling (prediction). While the effect of genre and relation complexity was found to be null or moderate, the presence of discourse signals systematically varies with the ambiguity of the DM in the relation: signals co-occur more with ambiguous DMs than with more informative ones.

Key words discourse markers, discourse signals, underspecification, usage-based, cognitive complexity

The Sociolinguistic Speech Corpus of Chilean Spanish (COSCACH): A socially stratified text, audio and video corpus with multiple speech styles

Scott Sadowsky, Catholic University of Chile  | Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History

Abstract This paper presents the Sociolinguistic Speech Corpus of Chilean Spanish (COSCACH) v1.0, a 9.3-million-word corpus containing transcribed, lemmatized and morphologically tagged text, audio recordings and videos from 1,237 L1 speakers of Chilean Spanish, as well as a control sample of 21 non-Chilean L1 Spanish speakers. The COSCACH is the first freely available corpus of spoken Chilean Spanish of substantial size, as well as one of the largest speech corpora of any variety of Spanish. Following a review of other Chilean speech corpora, I describe how the COSCACH was constructed, covering corpus design, speaker recruitment and metadata collection, speech elicitation and recording, transcription, lemmatization and morphological tagging, and corpus compilation. I thereby aim to provide a blueprint for creating modern, large-scale speech corpora suitable for phonetic, sociophonetic and sociolinguistic research, in addition to traditional inquiry into semantics, lexis, grammar, pragmatics and discourse.

Key words speech corpora, Chilean Spanish, corpus design and construction, phonetics, sociolinguistics

Verb form error detection in written English of Chinese EFL learners: A study based on Link Grammar and Pattern Grammar

Gong Chen, University of International Business and Economics

Maocheng Liang, Beihang University

Abstract In the past few decades, researchers have paid increasing attention to automatic error detection in natural languages, but few have focused on developing an error-checking tool for EFL learners in China. Based on the theory of Pattern Grammar, this study formalizes verb patterns through Link Grammar, a formal grammatical system developed by Sleator and Temperley (1991), and reconstructs an Link Grammar verb dictionary to create an automatic checking tool for verb form errors in Chinese learners’ written English. The test results show that by importing more detailed pattern information of verbs in the Link Grammar dictionary, the Link Grammar parser can identify verb form errors more accurately and effectively than the original and the parsing capability of the Link Grammar parser is improved. The article shows that Pattern Grammar and Link Grammar can work together and be applied to the construction of error-checking tools for EFL learners with promising results.

Key words grammar check, verb form error, Pattern Grammar, Link Grammar

The hapax / type ratio: An indicator of minimally required sample size in productivity studies?

Niek Van Wettere, Universiteit Gent  | Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Abstract This article addresses one of the lesser-known productivity measures, namely the hapax / type ratio (HTR). Through a case study involving the Dutch semi-copula raken(“attain”), it is shown that the HTR more or less stabilizes from a certain sample size onwards. Moreover, this point of stabilization seems to coincide with an increased permanency of the hapaxes, i.e. the share of hapaxes that convert quickly to non-hapaxes is not as large as was the case at the beginning of the sampling process. Therefore, the stabilization of the HTR might be a good indicator of minimally required sample size in productivity studies, suggesting that the hapaxes are ‘non-incidental’ from this sample size onwards. However, I did not find a clear link between the onset of the stabilization of the HTR and the extent to which the inventory of types accounted for at the top of the frequency distribution is (quasi-)complete.

Key words productivity, hapax / type ratio, hapax / vocabulary ratio, sample size, hapax stability

A multi-dimensional comparison of the effectiveness and efficiency of association measures in collocation extraction

Yaochen Deng, Dalian University of Foreign Languages

Dilin Liu, The University of Alabama

Abstract Because of the ubiquity and importance of collocations in language use/learning, how to effectively and efficiently identify collocations has been a topic of interest. Although some studies have evaluated many of the existing association measures (AMs) used in the automatic identification of collocations, the results so far have been inconsistent and unclear due to various limitations of the existing studies. Hence, this study makes a multi-dimensional evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of seven major AMs in the identification of three types of collocations across five genres and seven corpora of different sizes. The results indicate that while a few AMs, such as Log Likelihood Ratio and Cubic Mutual Information (MI3), are consistently more effective and efficient than the other five AMs being examined, no one AM alone may be adequate in the identification of different types of collocations across different genres and corpus sizes. Research implications are also discussed..

Key words association measures, collocations, collocation extraction, effectiveness and efficiency of association measures, multi-dimensional evaluation

Degrees of non-standardness: Feature-based analysis of variation in a Torlak dialect corpus

Teodora Vuković, Anastasia Escher, & Barbara Sonnenhauser, University of Zurich

Abstract A corpus-based method for assessing a range of dialect-standard variation is presented for identifying samples exhibiting the highest prevalence of dialect features. This method provides insight into areal and inter-speaker variation and allows the extraction of maximally non-standard manifestations of the dialect, which may then be sampled and used for the study of language change and variation. The focus is on a non-standard Torlak variety, which has undergone considerable change under the influence of standard Serbian. The degree of variation is assessed by measuring the frequencies of five distinguishing linguistic features: accent position, dative reflexive si, auxiliary omission in the compound perfect, the post-positive article, and analytic case marking in the indirect object and possessive. Locations subject to the greatest and least influence of the standard are revealed using hierarchical clustering. A positive correlation between the frequencies of occurrence reveals which non-standard feature is the best predictor of the others.

Key words linguistic variation, corpus-based dialectometry, endangered languages, spoken language, Torlak

目录（第3-4期）

ISSUE 3

RESEARCH ARTICLES

■ Lectal contamination: Evidence from corpora and from agent-based simulation, by Dirk Pijpops, Pages 259 - 290.

■ Handle it in-house?: Learner corpora frequency lists and lexical sophistication, by Ben Naismith, Alan Juffs, Na-Rae Han, Daniel Zheng, Pages 291 - 320.

■ Exploring the impact of lexical context on word association responses, by Peter Thwaites, Pages 321 - 348.

■ Use words, not constructions!: A new perspective on the unit of analysis in collostructional analysis, by Thomas Proisl, Pages 349 - 379.

BOOK REVIEWS

■ Review of Egbert & Baker (2019): Using Corpus Methods to Triangulate Linguistic Analysis, by Laurence Anthony, Pages 380 - 385.

■ Review of Carrió-Pastor (2020): Corpus Analysis in Different Genres: Academic Discourse and Learner Corpora, by Shuqiong Wu, Pages 386 - 392.

ISSUE 4

■ Corpus studies of language through time: Introduction to the special issue, by Tony McEnery, Gavin Brookes, Isobelle Clarke, Pages 393 - 398.

■ Keywords through time: Tracking changes in press discourses of Islam, by Isobelle Clarke, Gavin Brookes, Tony McEnery, Pages 399 - 427.

■ Volatile concepts: Analysing discursive change through underspecification in co-occurrence quads, by Susan Fitzmaurice, Seth Mehl, Pages 428 - 450.

■ The affordances of metaphor for diachronic corpora & discourse analysis: WATER metaphors and migration, by Charlotte Taylor, Pages 451 - 479.

■ “In barbarous times and in uncivilized countries”: Two centuries of the evolving uncivil in the Hansard Corpus, by Marc Alexander, Andrew Struan, Pages 480 - 505.

■ New methods for analysing diachronic suffix competition across registers: How -ity gained ground on -ness in Early Modern English, by Paula Rodríguez-Puente, Tanja Säily, Jukka Suomela, Pages 506 - 528.

■ Strategies in tracing linguistic variation in a corpus of Old Irish texts (CorPH), by David Stifter, Fangzhe Qiu, Marco A. Aquino-López, Bernhard Bauer, Elliott Lash, Nora White, Pages 529 - 553.

摘要

Lectal contamination: Evidence from corpora and from agent-based simulation

Dirk Pijpops, RU Lilith, University of Liège

Abstract This paper presents evidence from both corpora and agent-based simulation for the effect of lectal contamination. By doing so, it shows how agent-based simulation can be used as a complementary technique to corpus research in the study of language variation. Lectal contamination is an effect whereby the words that are typical of a language variety more often appear in a morphosyntactic variant typical of that same variety, even among language use from a different variety. This study looks at the Dutch partitive genitive construction, which exhibits variation between a “Netherlandic” variant with -s ending and a “Belgian” variant without -s ending. It is shown that the probability of the Belgian variant without -s increases among more “Belgian” words, in the language use of both Belgians and people from the Netherlands. Meanwhile, an agent-based simulation reveals the crucial theoretical preconditions that lead to this effect.

Key words: agent-based modelling; lectal contamination; mixed regression modelling; partitive genitive; simulation

Handle it in-house?: Learner corpora frequency lists and lexical sophistication

Ben Naismith, University of Pittsburgh

Alan Juffs, University of Pittsburgh

Na-Rae Han, University of Pittsburgh

Daniel Zheng, University of Pittsburgh

Abstract Vocabulary lists of high-frequency lexical items are an important resource in language education and a key product of corpus research. However, no single vocabulary list will be useful for every learning context, with the appropriateness of such lists affected by the corpora on which they are based. This paper investigates the impact of corpus selection on one measure of lexical sophistication, Advanced Guiraud, focusing on two frequency lists originating from an in-house learner corpus (PELIC) and a global learner corpus (Cambridge Learner Corpus). This analysis shows that frequency lists derived from both types of learner corpus can effectively serve as the basis for measuring the development of lexical sophistication, regardless of the specific program of the learners. Therefore, publicly available learner corpus frequency lists can be a reliable resource for stakeholders interested in the lexical gains of language learners.

Key words: frequency lists; learner corpora; lexical development; lexical sophistication; vocabulary lists

Exploring the impact of lexical context on word association responses

Peter Thwaites, Keimyung University

Abstract In word association tasks, participants respond with the first word that comes to mind on seeing a given cue. These responses are generally assumed to be influenced by a number of factors, including cue semantics, form, and textual distribution. Previous studies exploring the third of these influences have used pairwise association measures, such as mutual information, to evaluate the extent to which textual distributions influence response selection. In the current paper, a different approach is taken. Rather than examining co-occurrences between a cue and its observed responses, this paper explores the possibility that the cue’s holistic collocational environment shapes its associative profile. Regression modelling demonstrates that the predictability of this textual distribution is a significant predictor of variance in the cue’s response profile. Overall, however, the amount of variance explained is small. A subsequent qualitative examination of distributional and associative profiles suggests several semantically based constraints to response generation.

Key words: collocation; entropy; lexical context; profiles; word association

Use words, not constructions!: A new perspective on the unit of analysis in collostructional analysis

Thomas Proisl, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

Abstract The aim of collostructional analysis or, more precisely, simple collexeme analysis, is to quantify the statistical association between a construction c and a lexeme l that occurs in a particular slot of the construction. The analysis is based on 2×2 contingency tables that ought to represent a cross-classification of the units of analysis. So far, the units of analysis have been identified either as all constructions in the corpus or all instances of a class C of constructions to which construction c belongs. In practice, it is often not possible or feasible to identify these constructions. Therefore, the sample size is typically approximated by heuristic estimates. The bottom-right cell of the contingency table is most affected by these approximations. I suggest that the units of analysis be defined on the word level, instead, as the class W of word forms that satisfy the restrictions on the collexeme slot of c.

Key words: collexeme analysis; collostructional analysis; contingency table; sample size; unit of analysis

Keywords through time: Tracking changes in press discourses of Islam

Isobelle Clarke, Lancaster University

Gavin Brookes, Lancaster University

Tony McEnery, Lancaster University; Xi'an Jiaotong University

Abstract This paper applies a new approach to the identification of discourses, based on Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), to the study of discourse variation over time. The MCA approach to keywords deals with a major issue with the use of keywords to identify discourses: the allocation of individual keywords to multiple discourses. Yet, as this paper demonstrates, the approach also allows us to observe variation in the prevalence of discourses over time. The MCA approach to keywords allows the allocation of individual texts to multiple discourses based on patterns of keyword co-occurrence. Metadata in the corpus data analysed (here, UK newspaper articles about Islam) can then be used to map those discourses over time, resulting in a clear view of how the discourses vary relative to one another as time progresses. The paper argues that the drivers for these fluctuations are language external; the real-world events reported on in the newspapers.

Key words: corpus-assisted discourse studies; Islam; keyword analysis; Multiple Correspondence Analysis; newspaper discourse

Volatile concepts: Analysing discursive change through underspecification in co-occurrence quads

Susan Fitzmaurice, University of Sheffield

Seth Mehl, University of Sheffield

Abstract This paper demonstrates the value of studying co-occurrence ‘quads’ – constellations of four non-adjacent lemmas that consistently co-occur across spans of up to 100 tokens – for understanding discursive change. We map meaning onto quads as ‘discursive concepts’, which encompass encyclopaedic semantics, pragmatics, and context. We investigate a high-frequency quad with high co-occurrence strength in EEBO-TCP: world-heaven-earth-power. We conduct semantic and pragmatic analysis to generate hypotheses regarding discursive change. The quad’s components are semantically underspecified; thus, although the quad indicates a discursive concept, each instantiation of the quad is variable, contingent, and dependent upon context and pragmatic processes for interpretation. We observe how the vague lexemes that constitute building blocks of religious discourse are employed to generate new, timely secular discourses; and we argue that semantic underspecification is the site and source of discursive change. Indeed, the volatile, unstable nature of the component lexical meanings renders them indispensable to early modern debate.

Key words: co-occurrence; discourse; Early Modern English; pragmatics; semantics

The affordances of metaphor for diachronic corpora & discourse analysis: WATER metaphors and migration

Charlotte Taylor, University of Sussex

Abstract This paper examines the utility of metaphor as an investigative tool in “long-distance” corpora and discourse studies. I show that metaphor is both important for understanding discourses and useful for diachronic analysis because it allows us to abstract out above the purely lexical level, enabling comparison across contexts where the same concept could be lexicalised differently. The case-study is concerned with the oft-discussed metaphor of MIGRANTS ARE WATER in the UK-based Times newspaper from 1800–2018 and the conventionalisation and evaluative patterns are presented. The findings confirm that the WATER metaphor has an extensive discourse history regarding how migration is represented in the UK press, but also that evaluations may differ significantly. The paper shows how metaphor can provide a way to find discourse evaluations and framings across different time periods. The use of second-order collocates illustrates how corpus tools can help re-contextualise data to ensure interpretation heeds contemporary framings.

Key words: collocation; diachronic analysis; discourse; metaphor; migration

“In barbarous times and in uncivilized countries”: Two centuries of the evolving uncivil in the Hansard Corpus

Marc Alexander, University of Glasgow

Andrew Struan, University of Glasgow

Abstract The ways in which politicians have discussed who, what, and where was considered “uncivilized’” across the past two centuries gives an insight into how speakers in a position of authority classified and constructed the world around them, and how those in power in Britain see the country and themselves. This article uses the Hansard Corpus 1803–2003 of speeches in the UK Parliament alongside data from the Historical Thesaurus of English to analyse diachronic variation in usage of words for persons, places and practices considered uncivil. It proposes new methods and offers quantitative data to describe the period’s shift in political attitudes towards not just the so-called “uncivil” but also the country as a whole.

Key words: barbaric; Hansard; Historical Thesaurus of English; Parliamentary discourse; uncivil

New methods for analysing diachronic suffix competition across registers: How -ity gained ground on -ness in Early Modern English

Paula Rodríguez-Puente, University of Oviedo

Tanja Säily, University of Helsinki

Jukka Suomela, Aalto University

Abstract This paper tracks stylistic variation in the use of two roughly synonymous suffixes, the Romance -ity and the native -ness, during the Early Modern English period. We seek to verify from a statistical viewpoint the claims of Rodríguez-Puente (2020), who reports on a decrease of -ness in favour of -ity in registers representative of the speech-written and formal-informal continua at that time. To this end, we develop new methods of statistical and visual analysis that enable diachronic comparisons of competing processes across subcorpora, building upon an earlier method by Säily and Suomela (2009). Our results confirm that -ity gained ground first in written registers and then spread towards speech-related registers, and we are able to time this change more accurately thanks to a novel periodisation. We also provide strong statistical support indicating that the proportion of -ity was significantly higher in legal registers than in other registers.

Key words: cross-register analysis; derivational morphology; Early Modern English; productivity; statistical analysis

Strategies in tracing linguistic variation in a corpus of Old Irish texts (CorPH)

David Stifter, Maynooth University

Fangzhe Qiu, University College Dublin

Marco A. Aquino-López, Centro de Investigación en MatemáticasGuanajuato

Bernhard Bauer, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz

Elliott Lash, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen

Nora White, Maynooth University

Abstract This article introduces Corpus PalaeoHibernicum (CorPH), a corpus currently consisting of 78 texts in Early Irish (c. 7th–10th cent.) created by the ERC-funded Chronologicon Hibernicum (ChronHib) project by bringing together pre-existing lexical and syntactic databases and adding further crucial texts from the period. In addition to being annotated for POS, morphological and syntactic information, another layer of annotation has been developed for CorPH – ‘Variation Tagging’, i.e. a tagset that numerically encodes synchronic language variation during the Early Irish period, thus allowing for much improved research on the chronological variation among the material. Another new pillar of studying linguistic variation is Bayesian Language Variation Analysis (BLaVA), in order to address the challenge that “not-so-big data” poses to statistical corpus methods. Instead of reflecting feature frequencies, BLaVA models language variation as probabilities of variation.

Key words: Bayesian statistics; Chronologicon Hibernicum; diachronic variation; Old Irish; variation tagging

期刊简介

The International Journal of Corpus Linguistics (IJCL) publishes original research covering methodological, applied and theoretical work in any area of corpus linguistics. Through its focus on empirical language research, IJCL provides a forum for the presentation of new findings and innovative approaches in any area of linguistics (e.g. lexicology, grammar, discourse analysis, stylistics, sociolinguistics, morphology, contrastive linguistics), applied linguistics (e.g. language teaching, forensic linguistics), and translation studies. Based on its interest in corpus methodology, IJCL also invites contributions on the interface between corpus and computational linguistics. The journal has a major reviews section publishing book reviews as well as corpus and software reviews. The language of the journal is English, but contributions are also invited on studies of languages other than English. IJCL occasionally publishes special issues. All contributions are peer-reviewed.

《国际语料库语言学杂志》International Journal of Corpus Linguistics (IJCL) 发表原创研究，涵盖语料库语言学各个领域的方法论、应用和理论工作。通过对实证语言研究的关注，IJCL提供了一个呈现语言学各个领域新发现和创新方法的论坛，包括词汇学、语法、话语分析、文体学、社会语言学、形态学、对比语言学，应用语言学（语言教学、司法语言学）以及翻译研究。IJCL立足于语料库方法论，还欢迎语料库和计算语言学之间的接口研究。该期刊亦设评论板块，出版书评以及语料库和软件评论。该期刊主要研究英语，但也欢迎英语以外其他语言的研究。IJCL不定期出版特刊。所有出版文章都经过同行评审。

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