剑桥词典公布2023年度词汇：Hallucinate

去年，剑桥词典公布2022年度词汇：Homer.

近日，剑桥词典（Cambridge Dictionary）公布了2023年度词汇：Hallucinate.

📍hallucinate /həˈluː.sɪ.neɪt/ 表示“（由于生病、吸毒）幻听，幻视，产生幻觉”，英文解释为“to seem to see, hear, feel, or smell something that does not exist, usually because you are ill or have taken a drug”举个🌰：Mental disorders, drug use, and hypnosis can all cause people to hallucinate. 精神失常、吸毒和催眠术都可以使人产生幻觉。

📍在人工智能（AI）的语境下，AI‘产生幻觉’，即表示AI“生成虚假信息”。

🤔️小作业：

1. According to Dr. Henry Shevlin, what does the new use of the word "hallucinate" signify about our perception of AI?

A) It reflects an understanding of AI as infallible.

B) It indicates a belief in AI's emotional capabilities.

C) It shows a shift in viewing AI as an agent experiencing reality differently.

D) It suggests a decline in the accuracy of AI-generated information.

A) The incorrect predictions of election results.

B) Fictitious cases cited in court using ChatGPT.

C) The spread of fake news on social media.

D) Errors in medical diagnosis by AI tools.

A) Genetic Artificial Intelligence.

B) General Artificial Intelligence.

C) Generative Artificial Intelligence.

D) Geometric Artificial Intelligence.

无注释原文：

Hallucinate is Cambridge Dictionary AI-inspired word of 2023

From: BBC

Hallucinate is the Cambridge Dictionary's word of the year, as it gains an additional definition in one of many AI-related updates in 2023.

The traditional definition is to "to seem to see, hear, feel, or smell something that does not exist".

It now includes "when an artificial intelligence (AI) hallucinates, it produces false information".

AI ethicist Dr Henry Shevlin said it was "a snapshot of how we're thinking about and anthropomorphising AI".

Dr Shevlin, from the University of Cambridge, said: "Inaccurate or misleading information has long been with us, of course, whether in the form of rumours, propaganda, or fake news.

"Whereas these are normally thought of as human products, hallucinate is an evocative verb implying an agent experiencing a disconnect from reality.

"This linguistic choice reflects a subtle yet profound shift in perception: the AI, not the user, is the one hallucinating."

The definition was added after a surge in interest in generative AI tools like ChatGPT, Bard and Grok.

A US law firm used ChatGPT for legal research, which led to fictitious cases being cited in court, Cambridge Dictionary said.

Wendalyn Nichols, Cambridge Dictionary's publishing manager, said: "The fact that AIs can hallucinate reminds us that humans still need to bring their critical thinking skills to the use of these tools.

"AIs are fantastic at churning through huge amounts of data to extract specific information and consolidate it - but the more original you ask them to be, the likelier they are to go astray."

Prompt engineering, large language model and GenAI were among about 6,000 new words and definitions also added in 2023.

Words which experienced spikes in the online dictionary's searches included the word implosion, after the Titan submersible's implosion in June, and GOAT, an abbreviation for "greatest of all time".

The Qatar World Cup provoked debates about who was the GOAT in football, Lionel Messi, Cristiano Ronaldo or one of the late greats like Pelé or Diego Maradona.

Others included:

- Ennui: A feeling of being bored and mentally tired caused by having nothing interesting or exciting to do.

The notorious French robber Rédoine Faïd blamed “ennui” for his helicopter jailbreak: “The ennui provoked the escape… My addiction to liberty has consumed me.” Ennui was also the Wordle answer on 5 June 2023.

- Grifter: Someone who gets money dishonestly by tricking people.

Public figures were controversially accused of being 'grifters', including Prince Harry and Megan Markle (by a Spotify executive) and Nigel Farage (by Coutts bank).

Beyond hallucinate, several additions reflect rapid developments in AI and computing, such as:

- Prompt engineering: In artificial intelligence, the process of designing prompts that will give the best possible results.

- Large language model: A complex mathematical representation of language that is based on very large amounts of data and allows computers to produce language that seems similar to what a human might say.

- GenAI: Abbreviation for generative AI, the use or study of artificial intelligences that are able to produce text, images, etc.

- Train: In machine learning, to create or improve a computer representation of a system or process by supplying it with data.

- Black box: A system that produces results without the user being able to see or understand how it works.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Hallucinate is Cambridge Dictionary AI-inspired word of 2023

From: BBC

Hallucinate is the Cambridge Dictionary's word of the year, as it gains an additional definition in one of many AI-related updates in 2023.

“Hallucinate”（产生幻觉）一词成为剑桥词典2023年度词汇，该词增加了一个新的定义，是2023年众多与人工智能（AI）相关更新之一。

The traditional definition is to "to seem to see, hear, feel, or smell something that does not exist".

该词原定义是指“似乎看到、听到、感觉到或闻到不存在的东西”。

It now includes "when an artificial intelligence (AI) hallucinates, it produces false information".

现在，它的定义扩展到了“当人工智能（AI）‘产生幻觉’时，即生成虚假信息”。

AI ethicist Dr Henry Shevlin said it was "a snapshot of how we're thinking about and anthropomorphising AI".

人工智能伦理学家亨利·舍夫林（Henry Shevlin）博士认为，这个词是“我们对AI的思考及其拟人化的一个缩影”。

ethicist /ˈeθ.ɪ.sɪst/ 表示“伦理学家”，英文解释为“a person who specializes in ethics (= the study of what is morally right and what is not)”

snapshot /ˈsnæp.ʃɒt/ 1）表示“照片，快照”，英文解释为“a photograph”

2）表示“简介；简要情况”，英文解释为“a piece of information or short description that gives an understanding of a situation at a particular time”举个🌰：Credit rating agencies provide a snapshot of the risks an investment poses at any one time. 信用评分机构提供的是某一时刻投资风险的简要情况。

美式 anthropomorphize /ˌæn.θrə.pəˈmɔː.faɪz/ 英式 anthropomorphise 表示“人格化，赋予人性，当作人对待”，英文解释为“to show or treat an animal, god, or object as if it is human in appearance, character, or behaviour”举个🌰：Problems can develop when people anthropomorphize their pets. 人们将自己宠物当作人来对待的时候就有可能会出现问题。

Dr Shevlin, from the University of Cambridge, said: "Inaccurate or misleading information has long been with us, of course, whether in the form of rumours, propaganda, or fake news.

来自剑桥大学的舍夫林博士指出：“当然，无论是以谣言、宣传或假新闻的形式出现，不准确或误导性的信息早已伴随着我们。”

美式rumor 英式rumour /ˈruː.mər/ 表示“流言；谣传；传闻”，英文解释为“an unofficial interesting story or piece of news that might be true or invented, and quickly spreads from person to person”举个🌰：Rumours are going round (the school). 流言蜚语（在学校里）满天飞。

propaganda /ˌprɑː.pəˈɡæn.də/ 表示“宣传；鼓吹”，英文解释为“information, ideas, opinions, or images, often only giving one part of an argument, that are broadcast, published, or in some other way spread with the intention of influencing people's opinions”

"Whereas these are normally thought of as human products, hallucinate is an evocative verb implying an agent experiencing a disconnect from reality.

“虽然这些通常被认为是人类的产物，但‘hallucinate’（产生幻觉）这个词却生动表达了一个主体正经历与现实的脱节。”

evocative /ɪˈvɒk.ə.tɪv/ 表示“引起（愉快）回忆的；产生（美好）联想的；唤起（美好）感情的”，英文解释为“making you remember or imagine something pleasant”如：evocative music 使人浮想联翩的音乐。

imply /ɪmˈplaɪ/ 表示“暗指，暗示”，英文解释为“to communicate an idea or feeling without saying it directly”举个🌰：Are you implying (that) I'm fat? 你是在暗示我长得胖吗？

agent /ˈeɪ.dʒənt/ 1）表示“代理人；代理商”，英文解释为“a person who acts for or represents another”举个🌰：Please contact our agent in Spain for further information. 如需更多信息，请联系本公司在西班牙的代理。

2）表示“（演员、艺术家、作家等的）经纪人，代理人；代理商”，英文解释为“a person who represents an actor, artist, or writer”

3）表示“特工人员；间谍”，英文解释为“someone who works secretly for the government or other organization”如：a secret/foreign agent 特工人员/外国间谍。

4）表示“原动力，动因；作用剂”，英文解释为“a person or thing that produces a particular effect or change”如：a powerful cleaning agent 高效清洁剂，a raising agent for cakes 蛋糕发酵剂。

"This linguistic choice reflects a subtle yet profound shift in perception: the AI, not the user, is the one hallucinating."

“这种语言选择反映了一种微妙而深刻的观念转变：是AI在‘产生幻觉’，而不是使用者。”

表示“语言的；语言学的”，英文解释为“connected with language or the scientific study of language”，如：linguistic and cultural barriers 语言和文化上的障碍。

表示“难以察觉，难以理解的；微妙的，细微的”，英文解释为“not easy to notice or understand unless you pay careful attention”举个🌰：The pictures are similar, but there are subtle differences between them. 这些图片很相似，但它们之间有细微的差别。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述企业发现AI难以实施的文章中提到：A more subtle problem is that of deciding what to use AI for. 一个更微妙的问题是决定AI派上什么用场。

1）表示“认识，观念，看法”，英文解释为“a belief or opinion, often held by many people and based on how things seem”举个🌰：These photographs will affect people's perceptions of war. 这些照片会影响人们对战争的看法。

2）表示“知觉；感知”，英文解释为“the way you notice things, especially with the senses”如：visual perception 视觉；

🎬电影《失落的大陆》（Land of the Lost）中的台词提到：he has terrible depth perception 他的深度感知力很差。

The definition was added after a surge in interest in generative AI tools like ChatGPT, Bard and Grok.

在诸如ChatGPT、Bard和Grok等生成式AI工具引发广泛关注后，相关定义也应运而生。

1）作动词，表示“急剧上升；飞涨；剧增”，英文解释为“If something surges, it increases suddenly and greatly, after being steady or developing only slowly.”举个🌰：The company's profits have surged. 公司的利润激增。

2）作名词，表示“剧增”，英文解释为“A surge is a sudden large increase in something that has previously been steady, or has only increased or developed slowly.”举个🌰：An unexpected surge in electrical power caused the computer to crash. 突然出现的电压剧增导致电脑死机。

🎬电影《雷神2：黑暗世界》（Thor: The Dark World）中的台词提到：But she will not survive the amount of energy surging within her. 但她体内涌动的能量太大 她撑不住的。

A US law firm used ChatGPT for legal research, which led to fictitious cases being cited in court, Cambridge Dictionary said.

剑桥词典称，一家美国律师事务所利用ChatGPT进行法律研究，导致在法庭上引用虚构案例。

fictitious /fɪkˈtɪʃ.əs/ 表示“虚构的；虚假的”，英文解释为“invented and not true or not existing”举个🌰：He dismissed recent rumours about his private life as fictitious. 他否认了近来有关他私生活的流言，称它们都是捏造的。

1）表示“援引；传唤，传讯”，英文解释为“to officially name or mention someone or something in a law court, or to officially request someone to appear in a court of law”举个🌰：He has been cited as the co-respondent in the divorce case. 他作为这起离婚案的共同被告被传讯。

2）表示“举例，引证”，英文解释为“to mention something as proof for a theory or as a reason why something has happened”举个🌰：She cited three reasons why people get into debt. 她举出了人们为何负债的3个原因。

3）表示“引用，引述”，英文解释为“to speak or write words taken from a particular writer or written work”

Wendalyn Nichols, Cambridge Dictionary's publishing manager, said: "The fact that AIs can hallucinate reminds us that humans still need to bring their critical thinking skills to the use of these tools.

剑桥词典出版经理温达琳·尼科尔斯（Wendalyn Nichols）表示：“AI会‘产生幻觉’的事实提醒我们，人类在使用这些工具时仍需具备批判性思维能力。”

"AIs are fantastic at churning through huge amounts of data to extract specific information and consolidate it - but the more original you ask them to be, the likelier they are to go astray."

“AI非常擅长处理大量数据，提取特定信息并加以整合——但越是要求它们展现独创性，它们就越可能偏离正确轨道。”

churn /tʃɜːn/ 1）表示“剧烈搅动（尤指液体）；翻搅；使猛烈翻腾”，英文解释为“to move something, especially a liquid, with great force”举个🌰：The sea was churned up by heavy winds. 狂风搅得大海白浪滔天。

2）表示“（通常指由于紧张而）胃部翻腾，反胃，恶心”，英文解释为“If your stomach is churning, you feel ill, usually because you are nervous.”举个🌰：I had my driving test that morning and my stomach was churning. 参加驾照考试的那天早上，我的胃里一直在翻腾。

3）表示“（顾客）辗转光顾提供某种商品（或服务）的不同公司”，英文解释为“If customers churn between different companies that provide a particular service, they change repeatedly from one to another.”

📍这个词常用来描述机器或系统高效、连续地进行某种复杂或费力的工作。在这个上下文中，“churn”这个词被用来形容AI系统处理和分析大量数据的能力。具体来说，它指的是AI系统快速而持续地处理和分析数据，以提取特定信息和整合数据。因此，“churn through”在这里可以理解为“迅速并持续地处理”，强调的是AI在处理大量数据时的效率和速度。

📍churn sth out 表示“（不顾质量快速地）大量生产；粗制滥造”，英文解释为“to produce large amounts of something quickly, usually something of low quality”举个🌰：The factory churns out thousands of pairs of these shoes every week. 那家工厂每周生产数千双这样的劣质鞋子。

作动词，表示“取出；拔出；提取”，英文解释为“to remove or take out something”举个🌰：The oil which is extracted from olives is used for cooking. 这种橄揽油是用于烹饪的。

作名词，表示“摘录；选段；引文”，英文解释为“a particular part of a book, poem, etc. that is chosen so that it can be used in a discussion, article, etc.”举个🌰：They published an extract from his autobiography. 他们刊登了他自传的一个片断。

consolidate /kənˈsɒl.ɪ.deɪt/ 1）表示“（使）巩固；（使）加强”，英文解释为“to become, or cause something to become, stronger, and more certain”举个🌰：The success of their major product consolidated the firm's position in the market. 公司主打产品取得的成功巩固了该公司在市场上的地位。

2）表示“（尤指企业）合并，联合”，英文解释为“to combine several things, especially businesses, so that they become more effective, or to be combined in this way”举个🌰：The two firms consolidated to form a single company. 两家小公司合并成了一家公司。

astray /əˈstreɪ/ 表示“偏离正轨地；迷路地；离开正道地；误入歧途地”，英文解释为“away from the correct path or correct way of doing something”举个🌰：The letter must have gone astray in the post. 这封信一定是在邮递过程中丢失了。

Prompt engineering, large language model and GenAI were among about 6,000 new words and definitions also added in 2023.

2023年新增了约6,000个新词和定义，其中包括prompt engineering（提示工程/提示词工程）、large language model（大语言模型）和GenAI（生成式人工智能）。

作名词，1）表示“（计算机屏幕上的）提示符（显示计算机已经准备好接受指令）”，英文解释为“a sign on a computer screen that shows that the computer is ready to receive your instructions”

2）表示“（给演员的）提词，提白”，英文解释为“words that are spoken to an actor who has forgotten what he or she is going to say during the performance of a play”

3）作动词，表示“促使；导致；激起”，英文解释为“to make sb decide to do sth; to cause sth to happen”举个🌰：His speech prompted an angry outburst from a man in the crowd. 他的讲话激起了人群中一男子的愤怒。

📺美剧《斯巴达克斯：血与沙》（Spartacus: Blood and Sand）中的台词提到：One cannot but wonder what would prompt such an act 不知他们为何遭此不幸。

4）作动词，表示“（尤指）给（演员）提词”，英文解释为“to help someone, especially an actor, to remember what they were going to say or do”举个🌰：I forgot my line and had to be prompted. 我忘词了，只好让人提词。

Words which experienced spikes in the online dictionary's searches included the word implosion, after the Titan submersible's implosion in June, and GOAT, an abbreviation for "greatest of all time".

在线词典中搜索量激增的词汇包括“implosion”（内爆），源于6月“泰坦”号潜水器内爆事件，以及“GOAT”，即“史上最伟大/历史最佳”（greatest of all time）的缩写。

在剑桥词典公布2020年度词汇：Quarantine中也出现了这个词，spike /spaɪk/  1）作名词，可以理解为“峰值”或者“激增；猛增；急升”，英文解释为“a sharp increase in the magnitude or concentration of something”，如：a spike in oil prices 油价的急剧上涨。

2）也可以作动词，同样表示“激增”，英文解释为“if the number or rate of something spikes, it increases quickly and by a large amount ”举个🌰：New orders have spiked in the last two years. 新订单在过去两年里激增。

3）作名词，表示“尖头，尖刺；（尤指金属的）尖状物”，英文解释为“a narrow, thin shape with a sharp point at one end, or something, especially a piece of metal, with this shape”

4）spikes表示“（某些运动鞋上的）防滑鞋钉；钉鞋”，英文解释为“a set of short, pointed pieces of metal or plastic, attached to the bottom of shoes worn for particular sports, that stop the person wearing the shoes from sliding on the ground, or shoes with these pointed pieces”

implosion /ɪmˈpləʊ.ʒən/ 表示“内爆”，英文解释为“the act of falling towards the inside with force”举个🌰：Scientists linked some gamma ray bursts to the implosions of massive stars into black holes. 科学家将某些伽马射线的爆发与大质量恒星内爆形成黑洞联系在一起。

submersible /səbˈmɜː.sə.bəl/ 表示“（尤指无人的）潜水器，深潜器”，英文解释为“a type of ship that can travel underwater, especially one that operates without people being in it”

📍词源和词根：来自拉丁语的"submergere"，意为"下沉"，"sub-"意为"在下"，"-mergere"意为"沉没"。派生词：submersion, submerge

abbreviation /əˌbriːviˈeɪʃn/ 表示“略语；缩写词；缩写形式”，英文解释为“short form of a word, etc.”举个🌰：What's the abbreviation for ‘LearnAndRecord’? LearnAndRecord的缩写形式是什么？

The Qatar World Cup provoked debates about who was the GOAT in football, Lionel Messi, Cristiano Ronaldo or one of the late greats like Pelé or Diego Maradona.

卡塔尔世界杯引发了关于谁是足球界史上最伟大（GOAT）球员的热议，是利昂内尔·梅西（Lionel Messi）、克里斯蒂亚诺·罗纳尔多（Cristiano Ronaldo）还是像贝利（Pelé）或迭戈·马拉多纳（Diego Maradona）这样的已故传奇人物。

1）表示“激起，引起”，英文解释为“to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one”，如：provoke debate/discussion 激起辩论/讨论。

2）表示“激怒，挑衅”，英文解释为“to make or try to make a person or an animal angry”举个🌰：It was a vicious-looking dog and I didn't want to provoke it. 那只狗看起来很凶，我可不想招惹它。

Others included: 还有：

- Ennui: A feeling of being bored and mentally tired caused by having nothing interesting or exciting to do.

- Ennui（乏味/无聊）：由于没有有趣或令人兴奋的事情可做而感到无聊和精神疲惫的感觉。

ennui /ˌɒnˈwiː/ 表示“（由于无所事事而感到的）无聊，厌倦，倦怠”，英文解释为“a feeling of being bored and mentally tired caused by having nothing interesting or exciting to do”举个🌰：The whole country seems to be affected by the ennui of winter. 冬天的倦怠似乎影响着整个国家。

The notorious French robber Rédoine Faïd blamed “ennui” for his helicopter jailbreak: “The ennui provoked the escape… My addiction to liberty has consumed me.” Ennui was also the Wordle answer on 5 June 2023.

臭名昭著的法国大盗雷多因·法伊德（Rédoine Faïd）将其乘坐被劫持的直升机越狱归咎于“Ennui”（乏味/无聊）：“乏味引发了越狱......我对自由的上瘾吞噬了我”。Ennui一词也是Wordle游戏2023年6月5日的答案。

notorious /nəʊˈtɔː.ri.əs/ 表示“臭名昭著的，声名狼藉的”，英文解释为“famous for something bad”如：one of Mexico's most notorious criminals 墨西哥最臭名昭著的罪犯之一。

jailbreak /ˈdʒeɪl.breɪk/ 表示“越狱”，英文解释为“an escape from prison”

- Grifter: Someone who gets money dishonestly by tricking people.

- Grifter（骗财者）：以不诚实的方式骗取钱财的人。

grifter /ˈɡrɪf.tər/ 表示“骗财的人”，英文解释为“someone who gets money dishonestly by tricking people”举个🌰：She fell for a charming, fast-talking grifter. 她相信了一个魅力十足、花言巧语的骗财者。

Public figures were controversially accused of being 'grifters', including Prince Harry and Megan Markle (by a Spotify executive) and Nigel Farage (by Coutts bank).

公众人物遭到了有争议的指控，被认为是“骗财者”，包括哈里王子和梅根·马克尔（被Spotify高管指控）以及奈杰尔·法拉奇（被顾资银行指控）。

controversially /ˌkɒn.trəˈvɜː.ʃəl.i/ 表示“引起争议地”，英文解释为“in a way that causes disagreement or discussion”举个🌰：Controversially, the girl was expelled from school. 有争议的是，这个女孩被学校开除了。

Beyond hallucinate, several additions reflect rapid developments in AI and computing, such as:

除了“hallucinate”一词，还有几个新词反映了人工智能和计算技术的快速发展，比如：

- Prompt engineering: In artificial intelligence, the process of designing prompts that will give the best possible results.

- Prompt engineering（提示工程/提示词工程）：在人工智能领域，设计能生成最佳结果的提示词的过程。

- Large language model: A complex mathematical representation of language that is based on very large amounts of data and allows computers to produce language that seems similar to what a human might say.

- Large language model（大语言模型）：基于大规模数据的复杂语言数学表示模型，可让计算机生成与人类语言相似的语言。

- GenAI: Abbreviation for generative AI, the use or study of artificial intelligences that are able to produce text, images, etc.

- GenAI：生成式人工智能（generative AI）的缩写，即使用或研究能够生成文本、图像等的人工智能。

generative /ˈdʒen.ər.ə.tɪv/ 表示“有生产能力的；能生成的”，英文解释为“able to produce or create something”如：the generative power of the mind 大脑的生成能力。

📍ChatGPT全名就是：Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer.

- Train: In machine learning, to create or improve a computer representation of a system or process by supplying it with data.

- Train（训练）：在机器学习领域，“训练”意味着向计算机提供数据来构建或改善计算机对某个系统或过程的表征。

注：在机器学习中，训练（Training）指的是使用数据来训练算法或模型，以便它们能够从数据中学习和提取模式或规律。训练过程涉及向机器学习模型提供大量的数据，这些数据通常被称为训练数据。通过分析这些数据，模型学习识别数据中的特征和模式，并据此做出预测或决策。

- Black box: A system that produces results without the user being able to see or understand how it works.

- 黑盒：在用户无法看到或理解其工作原理的情况下产生结果的系统。

- 词汇盘点 -

- 词汇助记 By ChatGPT -