高考作文｜我们是时间的主人还是仆人？

又是一年高考时。

今年全国甲卷作文：人们因技术发展得以更好地掌控时间，但也有人因此成了时间的仆人。这句话引发了你怎样的联想与思考？

🤔️小作业：

1. According to the article, how does technology influence our behavior in relation to time?

A. It makes us focus more on the past.

B. It pushes us towards focusing more on immediate actions.

C. It helps us to be more future-oriented.

D. It encourages us to take more time for personal enjoyment.

A. To argue against the common understanding of time.

B. To introduce the idea of "present hedonism".

C. To critique the overuse of technology.

D. To explain the concept of time paradox.

无注释原文：

How Technology Speeds Up Time (And How To Slow It Down Again)

From: The Huffington Post

Jan 23, 2014

It often feels as though time speeds up as we age, with each season and year seemingly passing by more quickly than the last. And according to some psychologists, in addition to aging, the way we interact with technology could also have a profound effect on the way we experience time.

Sitting in front of computers all day, we're constantly confronted by a clock telling us what time it is, and it's no different whether we're at home or on the go: 60 percent of Gen Years (ages 18-30) find themselves compulsively or subconsciously checking their smart phones for emails, texts, or social media updates, according to a 2012 Cisco report.

This ever-present technology is changing not only the way we perceive time, but also the way we think, according to Dr. Philip Zimbardo, professor emeritus of psychology at Stanford and author of The Time Paradox: The New Psychology Of Time That Will Change Your Life.

The way we perceive and experience time can have a profound psychological effect. Far from being objective, time is, in fact, a highly subjective experience, one that's subject to technological and cultural influences. From an early age, our highly malleable time perceptions become biased. In The Time Paradox, Zimbardo argues that we all operate from one of three primary time biases. Those who tend to think of their current experiences in terms of what they've already experienced are past-oriented, those who focus on the immediate are present-oriented, and those who think in long-term projections are more future-oriented.

"Time has a powerful effect on our lives that we're unaware of," says Zimbardo. "I argue that it's the most powerful influence on everything we do. It's so powerful because we get programmed very early in life to be in one of these 'time zones.'"

The ideal balance, Zimbardo explains, is to be moderately future-oriented (enough to be motivated to work towards our goals but not so much as to breed workaholism), moderately past-positive (when we look back on our lives, we have a generally positive outlook), and moderately "present hedonistic," meaning that we take time out for friends, family and fun, but are not so pleasure-oriented as to have addictive tendencies.

But over-reliance on technology -- constantly checking email and social networks, and being distracted by alerts on our mobile devices -- can take us out of both the past and the future, and into a state of heightened "present hedonism" in which we're constantly focused (in a sometimes compulsive way) on what's either right in front of us or coming immediately afterwards.

"We're simply being in that moment to take the next action," says Zimbardo. "It's really minimizing the quality of life. It's minimizing the joy that we ought to be getting from everyday life."

Here are things you should know about how technology affects your perception of time.

Being connected can speed up your sense of time.

Our constant access to virtually unlimited amounts of news and updates can create a need for immediacy that speeds up both our information intake and our perception of time.

"Our personal 'time zone' can be modified by technology, because it speeds up our internal clock," says Zimbardo. "Technology makes us impatient for anything that takes more than seconds to achieve. You press a button and you expect instant access ... so technology is pushing more and more of us into a very immediately-focused time zone. That means that we tend to ignore the future consequences of our behavior."

Because we're used to being constantly occupied, many of us have a hard time slowing down or waiting. A 2012 Pew survey found that among Millennials, hyper-connectivity can contribute to a need for instant gratification and a lack of patience.

It can trap us in the 'next' moment.

Technology can trap us in a cycle of instant gratification -- we're stuck in a present moment in which we are not fully present because we're also anticipating the next moment, Zimbardo explains.

According to a 2011 Ipsos poll, 27 percent of teens use Facebook continuously throughout the day.

"They're constantly checking, hoping that something will be there," says Zimbardo. "Hope is a very future-oriented thing, but it's a very short term thing. 'I hope somebody will see the picture I posted, I hope somebody will respond.'"

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

How Technology Speeds Up Time (And How To Slow It Down Again)

From: The Huffington Post

Jan 23, 2014

It often feels as though time speeds up as we age, with each season and year seemingly passing by more quickly than the last. And according to some psychologists, in addition to aging, the way we interact with technology could also have a profound effect on the way we experience time.

随着年龄的增长，我们常常觉得时间过得越来越快，每个季节、每一年似乎都过得比上一季节、上一年过得更快。根据一些心理学家的说法，除了衰老，我们与技术交互的方式也可能对我们如何感知时间产生深远的影响。

表示“交互，交流，交往；互相作用，互相影响”，英文解释为“to communicate with or react to”举个🌰：Her teacher says that she interacts well with the other children. 她的老师说她与别的孩子相处得很好。

Sitting in front of computers all day, we're constantly confronted by a clock telling us what time it is, and it's no different whether we're at home or on the go: 60 percent of Gen Years (ages 18-30) find themselves compulsively or subconsciously checking their smart phones for emails, texts, or social media updates, according to a 2012 Cisco report.

每天坐在电脑前，我们不断被时钟提醒着现在是几点。无论我们是在家还是在外，都会遇到一样的情况：根据2012年的一份思科报告，60%的Y世代（18-30岁）发现自己会不由自主或下意识地检查智能手机是否有电子邮件、短信或社交媒体动态更新。

1）表示“面临（问题、任务、困难等）”，英文解释为“If you are confronted with a problem, task, or difficulty, you have to deal with it.”举个🌰：She was confronted with severe money problems. 她面临严重的资金问题。

2）表示“正视（困难局面或问题）”，英文解释为“If you confront a difficult situation or issue, you accept the fact that it exists and try to deal with it.”举个🌰：We are learning how to confront death. 我们在学习如何正视死亡。

compulsively /kəmˈpʌl.sɪv.li/ 表示“强迫性地”，英文解释为“too much and in a way that shows you are unable to stop”举个🌰：She exercises/cleans/works compulsively. 她强迫性地锻炼/清洁/工作。

subconsciously /ˌsʌbˈkɒn.ʃəs.li/ 表示“潜意识地，下意识地”，英文解释为“in a way that uses or relates to the subconscious (= the part of your mind that notices and remembers information when you are not actively trying to do so, and influences your behaviour even though you do not realize it)”举个🌰：I think I must have known subconsciously that something was going on between them. 我想我的潜意识里一定知道他们之间发生了什么。

This ever-present technology is changing not only the way we perceive time, but also the way we think, according to Dr. Philip Zimbardo, professor emeritus of psychology at Stanford and author of The Time Paradox: The New Psychology Of Time That Will Change Your Life.

斯坦福大学心理学名誉教授、《时间悖论：改变你生活的新时间心理学》一书作者菲利普·津巴多博士（Dr. Philip Zimbardo）表示，这种无处不在的技术不仅改变了我们对时间的感知，也在改变着我们的思维方式。

ever-present /ˌev.əˈprez.ənt/ 表示“始终存在的，永远在场的”，英文解释为“used to describe something that is always there”如：the ever-present danger of a terrorist attack 恐怖袭击的危险始终存在。

1）表示“感知，察觉，注意到，意识到”，英文解释为“to see something or someone, or to notice something that is obvious”举个🌰：He perceived a tiny figure in the distance. 他注意到远处有个很小的身影。

2）表示“认为；看待；视为”，英文解释为“to come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something”举个🌰：How do the French perceive the British? 法国人是如何看待英国人的？

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述比特币的文章中提到：Scarcity is a trait of many things that are perceived to have value. 稀缺性正是许多被视为有价值的事物共有的特征。

emeritus /ɪˈmɛrɪtəs/ 表示“（常指大学教师）退休后保留头衔的，荣誉退休的”，英文解释为“(often Emeritus) used with a title to show that a person, usually a university teacher, keeps the title as an honour, although he or she has stopped working”，如：the Emeritus Professor of Biology 荣誉退休的生物学教授。

paradox /ˈpærəˌdɒks/ 表示“自相矛盾的情况；似非而是的说法，悖论”，英文解释为“a situation or statement that seems impossible or is difficult to understand because it contains two opposite facts or characteristics”举个🌰：It's a curious paradox that drinking a lot of water can often make you feel thirsty. 大量喝水经常会让人感觉口渴，这是看似矛盾而正确的奇怪说法。

The way we perceive and experience time can have a profound psychological effect. Far from being objective, time is, in fact, a highly subjective experience, one that's subject to technological and cultural influences. From an early age, our highly malleable time perceptions become biased. In The Time Paradox, Zimbardo argues that we all operate from one of three primary time biases. Those who tend to think of their current experiences in terms of what they've already experienced are past-oriented, those who focus on the immediate are present-oriented, and those who think in long-term projections are more future-oriented.

我们如何感知时间会产生深远的心理影响。事实上，时间远非客观的，而是一种深受技术和文化影响的高度主观的体验。从小，我们极易受影响的时间感知就会产生倾向性。在《时间悖论：改变你生活的新时间心理学》一书中，津巴多博士认为，我们都受到三种主要时间倾向中一种的影响。那些倾向于从过去的经历来看待当前体验的人是过去导向型的，那些专注当下的人是现在导向型的，而那些从长期预测角度思考的人则更多地是未来导向型的。

表示“客观的；就事论事的；不带个人感情的”，英文解释为“not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; considering only facts”如：an objective analysis /assessment 客观的分析/评价。

📍subjective表示“主观的”，英文解释为“influenced by or based on personal beliefs or feelings, rather than based on facts”；

反义词：

📍objective表示“客观的”（based on real facts and not influenced by personal beliefs or feelings）。

malleable /ˈmæl.i.ə.bəl/ 表示“易受外界影响的；可塑的；易被控制的”，英文解释为“easily influenced, trained, or controlled”举个🌰：He had an actor's typically malleable features. 他具有演员典型的可塑性强的特征。

表示“偏袒一方的；有偏见的；倾向性的；片面的”，英文解释为“showing an unreasonable like or dislike for a person based on personal opinions”如：biased information/sources/press reports 片面的信息/消息来源/新闻报道。

-oriented / -ɔː.ri.en.tɪd/ 表示“以…为目标的；以…为导向的”，英文解释为“showing the direction in which something is aimed”举个🌰：She wants to turn the company into a profit-oriented organization. 她想把公司变成一个以营利为目的的机构。

"Time has a powerful effect on our lives that we're unaware of," says Zimbardo. "I argue that it's the most powerful influence on everything we do. It's so powerful because we get programmed very early in life to be in one of these 'time zones.'"

“时间对我们生活的影响深远，我们却并未察觉，”津巴多博士说，“我认为它对我们所做的一切影响最大。之所以影响如此之大，是因为我们在生命的早期就被设定为处于这些‘时区’之一。”

The ideal balance, Zimbardo explains, is to be moderately future-oriented (enough to be motivated to work towards our goals but not so much as to breed workaholism), moderately past-positive (when we look back on our lives, we have a generally positive outlook), and moderately "present hedonistic," meaning that we take time out for friends, family and fun, but are not so pleasure-oriented as to have addictive tendencies.

津巴多博士解释说，理想的平衡是适度地面向未来（足以激励我们为目标努力，但不至于成为工作狂），适度地积极面对过去（回顾生活时，我们的观感总体上是积极的），适度地“享受当下”（抽出时间与朋友、家人共度欢乐时光，但并非过于以追求快乐为导向以至于有成瘾倾向）。

表示“适度；适量；适中”，英文解释为“within reasonable limits”举个🌰：He only drinks (alcohol) moderately. 他喝酒不过量。

breed的过去式 bred 过去分词 bred，1）表示“（为育种目的）饲养”，英文解释为“to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way”举个🌰：Terriers are bred for their fighting instincts. 交配繁殖梗狗是为了保持它们好斗的本性。

2）表示“（动物）交配繁殖”，英文解释为“(of animals) to have sex and produce young animals”举个🌰：The blackbird, like most birds, breeds in the spring. 乌鸫和大多数鸟一样是在春天繁殖。

3）表示“招致，导致”，英文解释为“to cause something to happen, usually something bad”举个🌰：Favouritism breeds resentment. 偏袒招致怨恨。

workaholism /ˈwɜː.kə.hɒl.ɪ.zəm/ 表示“工作狂”，英文解释为“a condition that makes someone work a lot of the time and find it difficult not to work”举个🌰：Once workaholism sets in, it progresses through stages similar to those in drug addiction. 一旦工作狂发作，它的发展阶段与吸毒成瘾相似。

hedonistic /ˌhed.ənˈɪs.tɪk/ 形容词，表示“享乐主义的”，英文解释为“living and behaving in ways that mean you have as much pleasure as possible, according to the belief that the most important thing in life is to enjoy yourself”

hedonism /ˈhed.ən.ɪ.zəm/ 名词，表示“享乐主义”，英文解释为“living and behaving in ways that mean you get as much pleasure out of life as possible, according to the belief that the most important thing in life is to enjoy yourself”

But over-reliance on technology -- constantly checking email and social networks, and being distracted by alerts on our mobile devices -- can take us out of both the past and the future, and into a state of heightened "present hedonism" in which we're constantly focused (in a sometimes compulsive way) on what's either right in front of us or coming immediately afterwards.

然而，过度依赖技术--不断地查看电子邮件和社交网络，被移动设备上的消息提醒所干扰--会使我们脱离过去和未来，进入一种加剧的“当下享乐主义”状态，在这种状态下，总是专注（有时甚至是强迫性地）于眼前的事物或即将发生的事情。

表示“使分心，使转移注意力，干扰”，英文解释为“to make someone stop giving their attention to something”举个🌰：Don't distract her (from her studies). 不要让她（在学习上）分心。

"We're simply being in that moment to take the next action," says Zimbardo. "It's really minimizing the quality of life. It's minimizing the joy that we ought to be getting from everyday life."

“我们只是在当下，为下一个行动做着准备，”津巴多博士说，“这真的降低了生活质量，降低我们从日常生活中应获得的乐趣。”

minimize /ˈmɪn.ɪ.maɪz/ 表示“使降到最低限度；使减到最少”，英文解释为“to reduce something to the least possible level or amount”举个🌰：We must minimize the risk of infection. 我们必须将感染的风险降到最低。

ought to /ˈɔːt ˌtə/ 表示“（表示做某事有必要、值得或有利）应该，应当”，英文解释为“used to show when it is necessary or would be a good thing to perform the activity referred to by the following verb”举个🌰：You ought to be kinder to him. 你应该对他好一点。

Here are things you should know about how technology affects your perception of time.

关于技术如何影响你对时间的感知，你应该知道以下几点。

Being connected can speed up your sense of time.

持续在线可能会加快你的时间感。

Our constant access to virtually unlimited amounts of news and updates can create a need for immediacy that speeds up both our information intake and our perception of time.

我们无时无刻不在获取几乎无限量的新闻和更新，会产生一种对即时性的需求，这加速了我们的信息摄取和时间感知。

immediacy /ɪˈmiː.di.ə.si/ 表示“即时性；直接性”，英文解释为“the fact that something seems real and important, so that you feel involved with it”举个🌰：Pre-recorded TV programmes have so much less immediacy and warmth than live theatre. 事先录制的电视节目比剧院现场少了很多的即时性和亲切感。

"Our personal 'time zone' can be modified by technology, because it speeds up our internal clock," says Zimbardo. "Technology makes us impatient for anything that takes more than seconds to achieve. You press a button and you expect instant access ... so technology is pushing more and more of us into a very immediately-focused time zone. That means that we tend to ignore the future consequences of our behavior."

“我们的个人‘时区’会被技术改变，因为它加快了我们体内的生物钟，”津巴多博士说。“技术让我们对任何需要几秒钟才能完成的事情感到不耐烦。你按下一个按钮，就希望马上能够访问……因此技术正在把我们越来越多的人推向一个非常即时的时区。这意味着我们倾向于忽视我们行为的未来后果。”

表示“（稍作）修改，更改，改造，改变”，英文解释为“to change something such as a plan, opinion, law, or way of behaviour slightly, usually to improve it or make it more acceptable”举个🌰：The proposals were unpopular and were only accepted in a modified form. 这些建议不受欢迎，修改之后才得以接受。

Because we're used to being constantly occupied, many of us have a hard time slowing down or waiting. A 2012 Pew survey found that among Millennials, hyper-connectivity can contribute to a need for instant gratification and a lack of patience.

因为我们习惯了忙碌，所以我们中的许多人很难放慢速度或着等待。2012年皮尤研究中心（Pew）的一项调查发现，在千禧一代中，过度连接可能会导致对即时满足的强烈需求和缺乏耐心。

millennial /mɪˈlen.i.əl/ 表示“一千年的，千禧年的；与2000年有关的”，英文解释为“relating to a millennium or to the year 2000”如：millennial celebrations 千禧年庆祝活动。

作名词，通常复数，表示“千禧世代”，英文解释为“a person who was born around the time of the millennium”举个🌰：Millennials have grown up with the internet and can't imagine a world without it. 千禧世代在互联网环境中长大，无法想象没有互联网的世界会是什么样的。

📍千禧世代一般是指出生于20世纪且20世纪时未成年，在跨入21世纪（即2000年）以后达到成年年龄的一代人。这代人的成长时期几乎同时和互联网/计算机科学的形成与高速发展时期相吻合。有时会使人误以为指新千年（即2000年）之后出生的人。

hyper /ˈhaɪ.pər/ 前缀，表示“超出，过度”，英文解释为“having too much of a quality”如：hyperactive 过分活跃的，hypercritical 吹毛求疵的，hypersensitive 过分敏感的。

表示“满足；满意；快感；令人喜悦的事物”，英文解释为“the state of feeling pleasure when sth goes well for you or when your desires are satisfied; sth that gives you pleasure”

It can trap us in the 'next' moment.

它可能会将我们困在“下一个”时刻中。

be trapped表示“被困住；陷入困境”，英文解释为“If someone or something is trapped, that person or thing is unable to move or escape from a place or situation.”举个🌰：Fire officers used cutting equipment to free his legs, which were trapped under a steel beam. 消防队员们用切割设备松开他被压在一根钢梁下的双腿。

Technology can trap us in a cycle of instant gratification -- we're stuck in a present moment in which we are not fully present because we're also anticipating the next moment, Zimbardo explains.

技术可能会使我们陷入即时满足的循环--被困在当下，而我们并没有完全活在当下，因为我们还在期待着下一个时刻，津巴多博士解释说。

According to a 2011 Ipsos poll, 27 percent of teens use Facebook continuously throughout the day.

根据益普索2011年的一项民意调查，27%的青少年全天候持续使用脸书（Facebook）。

"They're constantly checking, hoping that something will be there," says Zimbardo. "Hope is a very future-oriented thing, but it's a very short term thing. 'I hope somebody will see the picture I posted, I hope somebody will respond.'"

津巴多博士说：“他们不断地查看，希望那里会有什么。希望是极度面向未来的，但又是非常短暂的。‘我希望有人会看到我发布的照片，我希望有人会回复。’”

1）作名词，表示“职位，职务”，英文解释为“a job in a company or organization”举个🌰：Teaching posts are advertised in Tuesday's edition of the paper. 星期二的报纸上有招聘教师的广告。

📍二〇二一年新年贺词中提到“顽强不屈的坚守”时，原句：holding posts with tenacity. 其中posts指的是岗位，（坚守）岗位。

📍二〇二三年新年贺词：每个人都不容易中提到：Officials and the general public, particularly medical professionals and community workers, have bravely stuck to their posts through it all. 广大干部群众特别是医务人员、基层工作者不畏艰辛、勇毅坚守。

2）此外，经常在网上冲浪的就比较熟悉，post除了作名词，表示“网站上公布的信息；帖子”，英文解释为“something such as a message or picture that you publish on a website or using social media”，也可以作动词，表示“（在网站上）公布，发布（信息）；发（帖）”，英文解释为“to publish something such as a message or picture on a website or using social media”举个🌰：Lots of friends have commented on my post. 很多小伙伴给我的帖子评论了。

3）作动词，表示“公布（公司）财务结果”，英文解释为“to announce a company's financial results”举个🌰：The oil company posted profits of $25.1 billion. 石油公司公布利润为251亿美元。

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