研究证实画饼真的能充饥

近日，丹麦奥胡斯大学（Aarhus University）的一项研究表明，反复浏览相同的食物图片能够可以带来饱腹感并降低食欲，这似乎证实了画饼能充饥。

🤔️小作业：

A. To a disgusting or ridiculous degree.

B. With respect to nutrition and health.

C. Referring to food-related illnesses.

D. In connection with advertising techniques.

A. It is an insignificant factor in influencing appetite.

B. It determines the physiological response to food.

C. It triggers overeating when viewing images of unhealthy foods.

D. It is more closely linked to appetite than previously thought.

A. Frequent exposure to food images does not affect our desire to eat.

B. Food manufacturers unintentionally suppress our appetite with their ads.

C. Our cognitive perception plays a significant role in controlling our appetite.

D. Colorful food images stimulate our appetite more than monochrome ones.

无注释原文：

Looking at food photos online may help curb overeating: study

From: New York Post

All day, every day, we are bombarded with images promoting food of every type: television commercials for pizza, online ads for cheeseburgers, billboards for fried chicken, ad nauseam.

But new research shows these images — if viewed often enough — actually satisfy our cravings and diminish our desire to eat.

This discovery may come as a shock to snack-makers and food manufacturers, who invest heavily in ads that are supposed to stimulate our hunger.

The research, conducted at Aarhus University in Denmark, examined the different ways our perceptions of food affect our cravings.

More than 1,100 people participated in a series of online studies led by Tjark Andersen, a Ph.D. candidate at Aarhus' Department of Food Science.

In one experiment, people were exposed to an online photo of orange M&M candies either three times or 30 times. Participants who saw the image 30 times had less desire to eat M&Ms than those who saw only three images of the candies.

Additionally, people who saw 30 images stated they would choose a smaller portion of M&Ms than the group that saw just three images.

“Your appetite is more closely linked with your cognitive perception than most of us think,” Andersen said in a statement. “How we think about our food is very important.

“You will receive a physiological response to something you have only thought about. That's why we can feel fully satisfied without eating anything,” he added.

The researchers, who published their results in the journal Appetite, also looked at how the food's color affected desire for it, by providing M&Ms in a variety of hues. The results didn't change — people still wanted less of the food after viewing images of it 30 times.

Even when colorful Skittles — candies that have a different flavor for each color — were introduced, the results of the experiment were largely the same.

“If color did not have a significant impact, it implies that the perceived taste must be a contributing factor. However, our findings indicated that even the imagined taste did not have a major effect on satiety,” Andersen said.

The study may be of particular interest to advertisers, who have repeatedly come under fire for promoting foods that contribute to the obesity epidemic.

“There are plenty of experimental studies showing these ads are affecting people and actually causing people to consume more unhealthy food,” Brennan Davis, a marketing professor at California Polytechnic State University's Orfalea College of Business, said in a statement.

“And we know that eating unhealthy food leads to higher rates of overweight and obesity,” Davis added.

The problem is especially acute with advertisements directed at children. A 2023 study, published in the journal Pediatric Obesity, found that YouTube “kid influencers” promoted food in 66% of their videos.

Despite a YouTube ban on food ads in children's content, 42% of branded product appearances were for candy, according to the study, while 32% were for sweet or salty snacks, ice cream or sugary drinks.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Looking at food photos online may help curb overeating: study

From: New York Post 

All day, every day, we are bombarded with images promoting food of every type: television commercials for pizza, online ads for cheeseburgers, billboards for fried chicken, ad nauseam.

每时每刻，我们都被各种各样的食品宣传图片所围绕：电视里的披萨广告，网上的芝士汉堡广告，路边的炸鸡广告牌，不胜枚举。

可以作动词，也可以作名词，表示“控制，抑制，限定，约束（不好的事物）”，英文解释为“to control or limit sth, especially sth bad”举个🌰：A range of policies have been introduced aimed at curbing inflation. 为了抑制通货膨胀实施了一系列的政策。（名词）He called for much stricter curbs on immigration. 他呼吁对移民实行更为严格的限制。

bombard /bɒmˈbɑːd/ 1）表示“连续炮击；连续轰炸”，英文解释为“to attack a place with continuous shooting or bombs”举个🌰：The troops bombarded the city, killing and injuring hundreds. 部队连续炮击了该市，导致数百人伤亡。

2）表示“大量提问；大肆抨击；提供过多信息”，英文解释为“to attack sb with a lot of questions, criticisms, etc. or by giving them too much information”举个🌰：We have been bombarded with letters of complaint. 我们接二连三收到了大批的投诉信件。

📍耶鲁大学校长2018年毕业典礼演讲：跳出狭窄的朋友圈 尽你所能画更大更多的圈中提到：But if you're bombarded with the same stories, memes, and opinions from all your so-called friends, then your world may in fact be quite narrow. 但如果你所谓的“朋友”都在分享相同的故事、类似的观点，那么你的世界可能很窄。

commercial /kəˈmɜː.ʃəl/ 作名词，表示“（电视或广播里的）商业广告”，英文解释为“an advertisement that is broadcast on television or radio”如：a commercial break 插播广告。

表示“（尤指路旁的）大型广告牌”，英文解释为“a very large board on which advertisements are shown, especially at the side of a road”。

ad nauseam /ˌæd ˈnɔː.zi.æm/ 表示“喋喋不休地，令人厌烦地”，英文解释为“If someone discusses something ad nauseam, they talk about it so much that it becomes very boring.”举个🌰：He talks ad nauseam about how clever his children are. 他喋喋不休地说着他的孩子们有多聪明，真是令人生厌。

But new research shows these images — if viewed often enough — actually satisfy our cravings and diminish our desire to eat.

然而新的研究表明，这些图片，如果我们经常看到的话，实际上会满足我们的欲望，降低我们的食欲。

craving /ˈkreɪ.vɪŋ/ 表示“渴望，热望；难以抑制的渴求”，英文解释为“a strong feeling of wanting something”举个🌰：I have a craving for chocolate. 我很想吃巧克力。

1）表示“减少；（使）减弱，缩减；降低”，英文解释为“to become or to make sth become smaller, weaker, etc.”举个🌰：His influence has diminished with time. 随着时间的推移，他的影响已不如从前了。

2）表示“贬低；贬损；轻视”，英文解释为“to make sb/sth seem less important than they really are”举个🌰：I don't wish to diminish the importance of their contribution. 我并不想贬低他们所作贡献的重要性。

This discovery may come as a shock to snack-makers and food manufacturers, who invest heavily in ads that are supposed to stimulate our hunger.

这一发现可能会让零食制造商和食品制造商感到震惊，他们在广告上投入了大量资金，希望能激发我们的食欲。

1）表示“刺激，使兴奋；使感兴趣”，英文解释为“to make someone excited and interested about something”举个🌰：The show was intended to stimulate and amuse. 这部电影的主要目的是助兴和娱乐。

2）表示“激发，激励；促进”，英文解释为“to encourage something to grow, develop, or become active”举个🌰：The government plans to cut taxes in order to stimulate the economy. 政府计划减税以刺激经济发展。

The research, conducted at Aarhus University in Denmark, examined the different ways our perceptions of food affect our cravings.

这项研究是在丹麦奥胡斯大学进行的，研究了我们对食物的不同感知如何影响食欲。

1）表示“认识，观念，看法”，英文解释为“a belief or opinion, often held by many people and based on how things seem”举个🌰：These photographs will affect people's perceptions of war. 这些照片会影响人们对战争的看法。

2）表示“知觉；感知”，英文解释为“the way you notice things, especially with the senses”如：visual perception 视觉；

🎬电影《失落的大陆》（Land of the Lost）中的台词提到：he has terrible depth perception 他的深度感知力很差。

More than 1,100 people participated in a series of online studies led by Tjark Andersen, a Ph.D. candidate at Aarhus' Department of Food Science.

超过1100人参加了由奥胡斯大学食品科学系博士生塔克·安德森（Tjark Andersen）主导的一系列在线研究。 

candidate /ˈkæn.dɪ.dət/ 通常表示“申请人；候选人”，英文解释为“a person who is competing to get a job or elected position”，也可以指“攻读学位者“，英文解释为“A candidate is someone who is studying for a degree at a college.”

📍a doctoral candidate / Ph.D. candidate 指的就是即将成为博士的人，博士研究生，博士生，此外也可以直接用a doctoral student / Ph.D. student 表示博士生。

In one experiment, people were exposed to an online photo of orange M&M candies either three times or 30 times. Participants who saw the image 30 times had less desire to eat M&Ms than those who saw only three images of the candies.

其中一项实验，要求人们在线浏览一张橙色M&M巧克力豆的图片，次数为三次或三十次。看了三十次图片的参与者比只看了三次图片的参与者更不想吃M&M巧克力豆。

Additionally, people who saw 30 images stated they would choose a smaller portion of M&Ms than the group that saw just three images.

此外，与只看三次图片的人相比，看了30次图片的人表示，他们会选择更小份的M&M巧克力豆。

portion /ˈpɔː.ʃən/ 1）表示“一部分；一份”，英文解释为“a part or share of something larger”举个🌰：A large/major portion of the company's profit goes straight back into new projects. 公司利润的一大部分/主要部分又直接投入了新的项目。

2）表示“（食物的）一份，一客”，英文解释为“the amount of a particular food that is served to one person, especially in a restaurant or a shop that sells food ready to be eaten”举个🌰：The portions are very generous in this restaurant. 这家饭店每份菜量都很足。

📍宝马mini道歉文中，路透社（Reuters）用serving，表示该含义，原文：A person familiar with the matter said the booth had finished giving out 300 servings of ice cream meant for visitors when the incident occurred and the foreigner in the video was a BMW employee. 一名知情人士表示，事发时，该展位已经发放完300份为参展者准备的冰淇淋，视频中的外国人是宝马公司的员工。

📍serving /ˈsɜː.vɪŋ/ 作名词，表示“（供一人食用的）一份；一客”，英文解释为“an amount of one type of food that is given to one person”举个🌰：The quantities given in the recipe should be enough for four servings. 食谱上给出的量足够4个人吃。

“Your appetite is more closely linked with your cognitive perception than most of us think,” Andersen said in a statement. “How we think about our food is very important.

安德森在声明中说：“你的食欲与认知感知之间的联系比我们大多数人认为的更紧密。我们对食物的看法非常重要。”

appetite /ˈæpɪtaɪt/ 1）表示“食欲；胃口”，英文解释为“physical desire for food”举个🌰：He suffered from headaches and loss of appetite. 他头痛且食欲不振。

2）表示“强烈欲望”，英文解释为“a strong desire for sth”举个🌰：The public have an insatiable appetite for scandal. 公众对丑事总是喜闻乐道。

表示“认知的；感知的；认识的”，英文解释为“Cognitive means relating to the mental process involved in knowing, learning, and understanding things.”举个🌰：As children grow older, their cognitive processes become sharper. 随着孩子们长大，他们的认知过程也变得越来越敏锐了。

“You will receive a physiological response to something you have only thought about. That's why we can feel fully satisfied without eating anything,” he added.

“你会对你仅想到的东西产生生理反应。这就是为什么我们即使没有吃任何东西也能感到完全满足，”他补充道。

physiological /ˌfɪz.i.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ 表示“生理学的”，英文解释为“relating to the way in which the bodies of living things work”举个🌰：Touching causes a physiological reaction. 触摸引起生理反应。

The researchers, who published their results in the journal Appetite, also looked at how the food's color affected desire for it, by providing M&Ms in a variety of hues. The results didn't change — people still wanted less of the food after viewing images of it 30 times.

研究人员在《食欲》（Appetite）期刊上发表了他们的研究结果，他们还通过提供各种颜色的m&m巧克力豆，研究了食物的颜色如何影响人们对它的欲望。结果并没有改变——人们在看了30次这种食物的图片后仍然只想要较少的份量。

表示“颜色；色度；色调”，英文解释为“a colour; a particular shade of a colour”举个🌰：His face took on an unhealthy whitish hue. 他的脸上透出一丝病态的苍白。

🎬电影《恶老板2》（Horrible Bosses 2）中的台词提到：就因为我的肤色 我就知道从哪儿拿到...？Because of the hue of my skin I know where to get ...?

Even when colorful Skittles — candies that have a different flavor for each color — were introduced, the results of the experiment were largely the same.

即使引入了五颜六色的Skittles彩虹糖（每种颜色都有不同口味的糖果），实验结果也基本相同。

美式 flavor 英式 flavour /ˈfleɪ.vər/ 表示“（食物或饮料的）风味；（某种）味道”，英文解释为“how food or drink tastes, or a particular taste itself”举个🌰：Add a little salt to bring out the flavour of the herbs. 加一点儿盐使芳草的味道更鲜美。

introduce /ˌɪn.trəˈdʒuːs/ 除了表示“介绍，引见”，英文解释为“to tell someone another person's name the first time that they meet”还可以表示“采用；引进；推行；放入，插入”，英文解释为“to put something into use, operation, or a place for the first time”举个🌰：Apple has sold many millions of iPods since the product was introduced in 2001. 自从2001年首次推出该产品以来，苹果公司已经售出了成百上千万台iPod。

“If color did not have a significant impact, it implies that the perceivedtaste must be a contributing factor. However, our findings indicated that even the imagined taste did not have a major effect on satiety,” Andersen said.

安德森说：“如果颜色没有产生显著影响，那就意味着感知到的味道一定是一个影响因素。然而，我们的研究结果表明，即使是想象中的味道对饱腹感也没有重大影响。”

1）表示“感知，察觉，注意到，意识到”，英文解释为“to see something or someone, or to notice something that is obvious”举个🌰：He perceived a tiny figure in the distance. 他注意到远处有个很小的身影。

2）表示“认为；看待；视为”，英文解释为“to come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something”举个🌰：How do the French perceive the British? 法国人是如何看待英国人的？

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述比特币的文章中提到：Scarcity is a trait of many things that are perceived to have value. 稀缺性正是许多被视为有价值的事物共有的特征。

satiety /səˈtaɪə.ti/ 表示“满足，厌腻”，英文解释为“the state of being completely satisfied, especially with food or pleasure, so that you could not have any more”

The study may be of particular interest to advertisers, who have repeatedly come under fire for promoting foods that contribute to the obesity epidemic.

广告商可能会对这项研究特别感兴趣，因为他们一再因宣传导致肥胖流行的食品而受到抨击。

表示“受到批评/批判，遭到攻击/抨击”，英文解释为“If you come under fire from someone or are under fire, they criticize you strongly.”举个🌰：His plan first came under fire from critics who said he hadn't included enough spending cuts. 他的计划首先受到了反对者们的猛烈抨击，他们说他没有把足够的费用削减包含在内。

obesity /oʊˈbiːsəti/ 表示“肥胖”，英文解释为“the fact of being extremely fat, in a way that is dangerous for health”。

1）作形容词，表示“流行的；盛行的；肆虐的”，英文解释为“happening a lot and affecting many people”举个🌰：Crime and poverty are epidemic in the city. 犯罪和贫穷如瘟疫一般在这个城市肆虐。

2）作名词，表示“（疾病的）流行，传染”，英文解释为“the appearance of a particular disease in a large number of people at the same time”如：a flu epidemic 流感的传播；或者表示“流行病”，英文解释为“a large number of cases of a particular disease happening at the same time in a particular community”，如：the outbreak of a flu epidemic 流感的爆发。

3）表示“泛滥；蔓延”，英文解释为“a particular problem that seriously affects many people at the same time”如：a crime epidemic 犯罪频发。

“There are plenty of experimental studies showing these ads are affecting people and actually causing people to consume more unhealthy food,” Brennan Davis, a marketing professor at California Polytechnic State University's Orfalea College of Business, said in a statement.

“有大量的实验研究显示，这些广告正在影响人们，实际上导致人们食用更多的不健康食品，”加利福尼亚州立理工大学奥法莱亚商学院市场营销教授布伦南·戴维斯（Brennan Davis）在声明中说。 

polytechnic /ˌpɒl.ɪˈtek.nɪk/ 表示“（尤指1992年前英国的）工艺专科学院”，英文解释为“(especially in Britain before 1992) a college where students study for degrees, especially in technical subjects, or train for particular types of work”如：a polytechnic student/course 工艺专科学生/课程。

“And we know that eating unhealthy food leads to higher rates of overweight and obesity,” Davis added.

“而我们知道，吃不健康的食物会导致更高的超重和肥胖率，”戴维斯补充说。

The problem is especially acute with advertisements directed at children. A 2023 study, published in the journal Pediatric Obesity, found that YouTube “kid influencers” promoted food in 66% of their videos.

这个问题在面向儿童的广告中尤为突出。2023年发表在《儿科肥胖症》（Pediatric Obesity）期刊上的一项研究发现，YouTube上的“儿童网红”在他们66%的视频中推广食物。

1）表示“严峻的”，英文解释为“You can use acute to indicate that an undesirable situation or feeling is very severe or intense.”举个🌰：There is an acute shortage of water. 水严重短缺。

2）表示“（疾病）急性的”，英文解释为“an acute illness is one that has quickly become severe and dangerous”如：acute appendicitis 急性阑尾炎。

英式 paediatric /ˌpiː.diˈæt.rɪk/美式 pediatric 表示“儿科学的，小儿科的”，英文解释为“relating to the medical care of children”如：paediatric medicine 儿科学。

字面上的意思就是影响者，有影响力的人，柯林斯词典中的解释分为两种，一个就是字面上的意思：any person or thing that exerts an influence；另一种解释为：a person who uses social media to promote lifestyle choices, commercial products, etc to his or her followers. 利用社交媒体向自己的粉丝推广或推荐产品和服务的人，就是类似于现在网络中的“网红、博主”，或者说关键意见领袖，Key Opinion Leader，KOL.

Despite a YouTube ban on food ads in children's content, 42% of branded product appearances were for candy, according to the study, while 32% were for sweet or salty snacks, ice cream or sugary drinks.

尽管YouTube禁止在儿童内容中出现食品广告，但据该研究，42%的品牌产品是糖果，而32%是甜或咸的零食、冰淇淋或含糖饮料。

branded /ˈbræn.dɪd/ 表示“属于（某个）品牌的”，英文解释为“made by a particular company and sold under a particular name”

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