故天将降大任于是人还是斯人？

是「故天将降大任于斯人也」，还是「故天将降大任于是人也」？

近日，有网友发文《出大事了，我们这个时空的时间线似乎被人动了！》称，其记忆中早年学的是「故天将降大任于斯人也」，却发现现在的课本成了「故天将降大任于是人也」。

而人民教育出版社官方称从1961年收录《生于忧患，死于安乐》课文以来，教材文章一直是「故天将降大任于是人也」。

大众对历史的集体记忆与史实不符？所以，曼德拉效应（The Mandela Effect）真的存在吗？

小测试：

🤔️小作业：

无注释原文：

Study Finds The Mandela Effect Is Real, And Incredibly Difficult To Explain

From: IFLScience

Jul 21, 2022

If you've spent too much time on the Internet (or the Internet from a parallel universe before you slipped into this one), you may have heard of the Mandela Effect. Named after people misremembering Nelson Mandela's death, the term is given to any collective false memories.

A team of psychologists from the University of Chicago – intrigued by the idea – decided to put it to some actual scientific rigor. As well as testing whether there really was an effect, they aimed to discover why visual Mandela effects (VME) occurred. The results were sort of maddening.

In their first experiment – currently available as a pre-print ahead of publication in the journal Psychological Science – participants were asked to look at images of a logo, character, or mascot, including popular examples of the Mandela Effect and others that had been added as controls. As well as the original "real" version of the image, they included several other versions with mistakes on them, made to fit in with the original design as much as possible. This included popular misremembered versions.

The participants were asked to select the image they believed to be the original, as well as rate how confident they were that it was correct, and estimate the number of times they had seen it. The image was only considered to be a potential VME if it was consistently misremembered, people were confident about their choice, and the same wrong image was consistently selected. Interestingly, in the questions which used examples of the Mandela Effect popularly cited on the Internet, the popularly misremembered image was selected "a significantly higher proportion" of the time than the original.

"These results indicate that these seven images (C3PO, Curious George, the Fruit of the Loom logo, the Monopoly Man, Pikachu, the Volkswagen logo, and Waldo from Where’s Waldo?) had not only accuracies below chance, but also specific incorrect versions that were falsely recognized as the original," the team wrote in their paper. "Thus, these seven images were labeled as ‘VME-apparent."

"Furthermore, their accuracy is surprisingly low given the reported familiarity and confidence people had with these images," they added.

So far, so weird. Next, the team showed the participants the correct images and asked them to study them, without explaining they would be asked to recall information about the image they saw. When they were subsequently asked to select between the correct version and a manipulated version, the VME images were still consistently chosen over the correct version they had just studied.

"This low accuracy for the VME image set is remarkable, given that participants had just seen the correct image minutes prior during the study phase, yet still chose the false version to indicate their memory," the team wrote.

From this part of the experiment, they concluded that a popular source image (e.g. if there was a popular image of Pikachu with a black tip added to the tail, which it does not usually have but people took as canonical) was not the explanation for the visual Mandela effect "as it is unlikely that the noncanonical version from prior experience is overriding their recent experience of the canonical image."

One idea that might explain why people are making the same mistakes is "schema theory" which suggests that people fill in missing information (say, they can't remember exactly what the Monopoly Man looks like) with information based on our expectations and associations (slap a monocle on him in our minds, as he is known to be incredibly rich). 

Disappointingly, or maybe just intriguingly, the team found no real explanation for the consistent mistakes. In another experiment, participants were asked to draw the logos and characters, and still reproduced Curious George with a tail, Pikachu with a black tail, and the Fruit of the Loom logo with a cornucopia.

"Evidence suggests that some people may be making consistent memory errors, even with extensive visual experience with the icon and without having experienced variants before," they write in their discussion.

"In sum, we revealed a set of images that cause consistent and shared false memories across people, spurring new questions on the nature of false memories. We show that the VME cannot be universally explained by a single account. Instead, perhaps different images cause a VME for different reasons."

Or – hear us out – the participants have shifted universe, and just don't know it yet.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

Study Finds The Mandela Effect Is Real, And Incredibly Difficult To Explain

From: IFLScience

Jul 21, 2022

If you've spent too much time on the Internet (or the Internet from a parallel universe before you slipped into this one), you may have heard of the Mandela Effect. Named after people misremembering Nelson Mandela's death, the term is given to any collective false memories.

如果你经常上网（或者在你进入这个平行世界之前经常在另一个平行世界里上网），你可能听说过曼德拉效应（the Mandela Effect）。这个词是根据人们对纳尔逊·曼德拉（Nelson Mandela）之死的错误记忆命名的，指的是任何集体的错误记忆。

parallel universe /ˌpær.ə.lel ˈjuː.nɪ.vɜːs/ 表示“平行宇宙”，英文解释为“a universe that may exist in addition to our own universe, but that is not known”也可以表示“（故事中的）平行世界”，英文解释为“(in stories) a world that exists in addition to, and is like, the world that we know, but that is also different from it in important ways”举个🌰：

He was a brilliant physicist who predicted the existence of parallel universes.

他是一位杰出的物理学家，预言了平行宇宙的存在。

表示“用…的名字给…命名”，英文解释为“to give someone or something the same name as another person or thing”举个🌰：

He was named after his grandfather.

他的名字跟他的爷爷一样。

A team of psychologists from the University of Chicago – intrigued by the idea – decided to put it to some actual scientific rigor. As well as testing whether there really was an effect, they aimed to discover why visual Mandela effects (VME) occurred. The results were sort of maddening.

芝加哥大学的一个心理学家团队对这个想法很感兴趣，本着科学严谨的态度他们决定深入探究。除了测试是否真的有该效应之外，他们还想探索视觉曼德拉效应（VME）发生的原因。结果有点让人抓狂。

psychologist /saɪˈkɒl.ə.dʒɪst/ 表示“心理学家”，英文解释为“someone who studies the human mind and human emotions and behaviour, and how different situations have an effect on people”如：a child psychologist 儿童心理学家。

intrigue /ɪnˈtriːɡ/ 表示“（尤指因奇怪、不寻常或神秘而）使很感兴趣，迷住”，英文解释为“to interest someone a lot, especially by being strange, unusual, or mysterious”举个🌰：

Throughout history, people have been intrigued by the question of whether there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe.

纵观历史，人们一直被这样一个问题吸引着：宇宙的其他地方是否也存在着有智力的生物？

美式rigor 英式 rigour /ˈrɪɡ.ər/ 1）表示“严厉；严格；苛严”，英文解释为“the fact that people are made to follow rules in a very severe way”举个🌰：

They were punished with unusual rigour.

他们遭到了非常严厉的惩罚。

2）表示“严密；缜密；严谨”，英文解释为“the quality of being detailed, careful, and complete”举个🌰：

Her arguments lacked intellectual rigour.

她的论点不够理智和严谨。

maddening /ˈmæd.ən.ɪŋ/ 表示“使人恼怒的”，英文解释为“making you angry”举个🌰：

She has a maddening habit of interrupting me when I'm talking to her.

和她说话时她老打断我，这个毛病让我十分恼火。

In their first experiment – currently available as a pre-print ahead of publication in the journal Psychological Science – participants were asked to look at images of a logo, character, or mascot, including popular examples of the Mandela Effect and others that had been added as controls. As well as the original "real" version of the image, they included several other versions with mistakes on them, made to fit in with the original design as much as possible. This included popular misremembered versions.

在他们的第一个实验中（在《心理科学》杂志上出版前，目前该论文以预印本的形式发表），参与者被要求查看标志、角色或吉祥物的图像，包括曼德拉效应中广受流传的例子和其他被添加为对照组的例子。图像中除了原始的“真实”版外，还包括其他几个尽可能与原始设计相近的错误版。其中包括广受流传的被错误记忆版。

mascot /ˈmæs.kɑːt/ 表示“吉祥物”，英文解释为“a person, animal, or object that is believed to bring good luck, or one that represents an organization”如：a team mascot 球队的吉祥物。

The participants were asked to select the image they believed to be the original, as well as rate how confident they were that it was correct, and estimate the number of times they had seen it. The image was only considered to be a potential VME if it was consistently misremembered, people were confident about their choice, and the same wrong image was consistently selected. Interestingly, in the questions which used examples of the Mandela Effect popularly cited on the Internet, the popularly misremembered image was selected "a significantly higher proportion" of the time than the original.

参与者被要求选择他们认为是原版的图像，并评估他们对其正确性的信心，并估计他们看过它的次数。只有当图像一直被错误记忆，人们对自己的选择充满信心，并且总是选择相同的错误图像时，该图像才被认为是潜在的视觉曼德拉效应。有趣的是，在使用互联网上普遍引用的曼德拉效应例子的问题中，普遍被错误记忆的图像被选择的次数“明显高于”原版图像。

1）表示“比率，比例”，英文解释为“the number, amount, or level of one thing when compared to another”举个🌰：

The proportion of women to men at my college was about one to eight.

我所在大学的男女比例大约为8：1。

2）表示“部分；份额”，英文解释为“the number or amount of a group or part of something when compared to the whole”举个🌰：

Children make up a large proportion of the world's population.

孩子占世界人口的很大一部分。

"These results indicate that these seven images (C3PO, Curious George, the Fruit of the Loom logo, the Monopoly Man, Pikachu, the Volkswagen logo, and Waldo from Where’s Waldo?) had not only accuracies below chance, but also specific incorrect versions that were falsely recognized as the original," the team wrote in their paper. "Thus, these seven images were labeled as ‘VME-apparent."

“这些结果表明，这七张图片（C3PO、好奇猴乔治、鲜果布衣标志、富有的钱袋大叔、皮卡丘、大众标志和《威利在哪里》的威利）不仅准确性低于随机猜的概率值，而且还有某个特定版本被错误地记为原版，”该团队在论文中写道。“因此，这七张图片被标记为‘视觉曼德拉效应明显’。”

"Furthermore, their accuracy is surprisingly low given the reported familiarity and confidence people had with these images," they added.

“此外，考虑到人们对这些图像的熟悉程度和置信度，它们的准确率低得惊人，”他们补充道。

So far, so weird. Next, the team showed the participants the correct images and asked them to study them, without explaining they would be asked to recall information about the image they saw. When they were subsequently asked to select between the correct version and a manipulated version, the VME images were still consistently chosen over the correct version they had just studied.

目前来看太奇怪了。接下来，研究团队向参与者展示了原版图像，并要求他们对图像进行分析，但没有解释他们会被要求回忆他们看到的图像上的信息。当他们随后被要求在原版和篡改后的版本之间进行选择时，参与者仍然一致地选择了视觉曼德拉效应图像而非他们刚刚分析的原版图像。

表示“随后；后来；之后；接着”，英文解释为“afterwards; later; after sth else has happened”举个🌰：

The original interview notes were subsequently lost.

采访记录原稿后来丢失了。

"This low accuracy for the VME image set is remarkable, given that participants had just seen the correct image minutes prior during the study phase, yet still chose the false version to indicate their memory," the team wrote.

该团队写道：“在分析阶段中，考虑到参与者几分钟前刚刚看到原版图像，但仍然选择错误的版本来表明他们的记忆，视觉曼德拉效应图像集的这种低准确率是非常显著的。”

From this part of the experiment, they concluded that a popular source image (e.g. if there was a popular image of Pikachu with a black tip added to the tail, which it does not usually have but people took as canonical) was not the explanation for the visual Mandela effect "as it is unlikely that the noncanonical version from prior experience is overriding their recent experience of the canonical image."

从这部分实验中，他们得出结论，广为流传的源图像（例如，皮卡丘图像的尾巴上增加了一个黑色尖端，这通常是没有的但人们认为这是普遍存在的）不能作为视觉曼德拉效应的解释，“因为先前经验中的非标准版本不太可能推翻他们最近对正版图像的感知。”

作名词表示「小费」大家比较熟悉，也可以表示“（尤指细长物体的）末梢，末端，尖；（尤指细长物体的）顶端附加物”，英文解释为“the usually pointed end of something, especially something that is long and thin”举个🌰：

We had asparagus tips for dinner.

我们晚饭吃了芦笋尖。

tip在花滑将禁止17岁以下选手参赛文中出现：Valieva, who had been tipped for a gold medal, finished fourth. 曾被看好获得金牌的瓦里耶娃获得了第四名。这里作动词，也是熟词僻义，表示“称…有可能成功”，英文解释为“to say that someone is likely to be successful or achieve something”举个🌰：

He is being tipped as the next prime minister.

据称，他有可能成为下一任首相。

canonical /kəˈnɒn.ɪ.kəl/ 表示“标准的; 典范的；经典的”，英文解释为“If something has canonical status, it is accepted as having all the qualities that a thing of its kind should have.”如：Ballard's status as a canonical writer 巴拉德的经典作家地位。也可以解释为“准确的，权威的”，英文解释为“accepted as being accurate and authoritative”，“公认的，依据科学法则的”，英文解释为“according to recognized rules or scientific laws”。

表示“比…更重要；压倒；凌驾”，英文解释为“to be more important than something”举个🌰：

Parents' concern for their children's future often overrides all their other concerns.

父母对子女未来的考虑往往重于他们对其他任何事情的关心。

One idea that might explain why people are making the same mistakes is "schema theory" which suggests that people fill in missing information (say, they can't remember exactly what the Monopoly Man looks like) with information based on our expectations and associations (slap a monocle on him in our minds, as he is known to be incredibly rich). 

一个可能解释人们为什么会犯同样错误的想法是“图式理论”（schema theory），该理论认为人们用基于期望和联想的信息来填充缺失的信息（比如说，不记得富有的钱袋大叔到底长什么样，因为众所周知他非常富有，就会在脑海中给他戴上单片眼镜）。

slap sth on/onto (sth/sb)表示“强制实施，强制执行；强制（某人）接受”，英文解释为“to force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received”举个🌰：

The librarian slapped a fine on him for returning the books late.

因为他逾期还书，图书管理员强制他交了罚款。

monocle /ˈmɒn.ə.kəl/ 表示“（尤指旧时的）单片眼镜”，英文解释为“a round piece of glass worn, especially in the past, in front of one eye in order to help you to see more clearly”

Disappointingly, or maybe just intriguingly, the team found no real explanation for the consistent mistakes. In another experiment, participants were asked to draw the logos and characters, and still reproduced Curious George with a tail, Pikachu with a black tail, and the Fruit of the Loom logo with a cornucopia.

遗憾的是，或者正是吸引人的所在，研究团队没能解释为什么人们会持续选错。在另一个实验中，参与者被要求绘制出标志和角色，结果仍然再现了带尾巴的好奇猴乔治，带黑色尾巴的皮卡丘，以及带丰饶角饰的鲜果布衣标志。

intriguingly /ɪnˈtriː.ɡɪŋ.li/ 表示“非常有趣地；引人入胜地；神秘地”，英文解释为“in a way that is very interesting because of being unusual or mysterious”举个🌰：

Intriguingly, people who live in the West are more likely to own a pet.

有趣的是，生活在西方的人更有可能养宠物。

cornucopia /ˌkɔː.njuˈkəʊ.pi.ə/ 1）表示“丰饶角，丰饶角饰（艺术作品中装满水果和鲜花、形似动物角的装饰物）”，英文解释为“a decorative object shaped like an animal's horn, shown in art as full of fruit and flowers”

2）表示“丰盛，大量”，英文解释为“a large amount or supply of something”举个🌰：The table held a veritable cornucopia of every kind of food or drink you could want. 桌子上吃的喝的应有尽有，十分丰盛。

"Evidence suggests that some people may be making consistent memory errors, even with extensive visual experience with the icon and without having experienced variants before," they write in their discussion.

他们在讨论部分写道：“证据表明，有些人可能会持续犯记忆性的错误，即使他们对图标有丰富的视觉经验，而且以前没有看过相应变体版本。”

"In sum, we revealed a set of images that cause consistent and shared false memories across people, spurring new questions on the nature of false memories. We show that the VME cannot be universally explained by a single account. Instead, perhaps different images cause a VME for different reasons."

“总之，我们揭示了一组在人们之间引起一致的、共同的错误记忆的图像，引发了关于错误记忆本质的新问题。我们表明，视觉曼德拉效应难以用一个放之四海而皆准的说法来解释。相反，可能不同的图像出于不同的原因而导致了视觉曼德拉效应。”

spur表示“鼓动；激励；鞭策；刺激；鼓舞”，英文解释为“If one thing spurs you to do another, it encourages you to do it.”举个🌰：

It's the money that spurs these fishermen to risk a long ocean journey in their flimsy boats.

是金钱驱使这些渔民驾驶单薄的小船冒险出海远航。

🎬电影《龙之心3：巫师的诅咒》（Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse）中的台词提到：To spur the clans to war. 激励部族发起战争。

表示“报道；报告；记述；描述”，英文解释为“a written or spoken description of an event”举个🌰：

She gave a thrilling account of her life in the jungle.

她把自己在丛林中生活的经历描述得惊险刺激。

Or – hear us out – the participants have shifted universe, and just don't know it yet.

或者——听我们说完——参与者转移了宇宙，只是还没意识到。

表示“听（某人）说完”，英文解释为“to listen to someone until said everything they want to say”举个🌰：

At least hear me out before making up your mind.

你作决定之前至少先听我说完。

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