中小学教师性别严重失衡

近日，一张“厦门教师招聘资格复审名单”截图引发网友关注。网友质疑，进入该名单的男教师考分与女教师差距过大，有性别歧视之嫌。《光明日报》刊文，教师培养须综合平衡考虑性别，该话题再次引发热议。

无注释原文：

Women are the majority in education, yet still find themselves overlooked for promotions and making less than their male peers

INSIDER

Jun 30, 2021

In schools, it's not uncommon to look around any given staff meeting and find a plurality of women. 

Education is one of the largest occupational fields in the country, with over 5.5 million Americans working as kindergarten through twelfth grade (K-12) teachers. Far-flung from the overwhelmingly male industries of software development, finance, and engineering, K-12 education in the United States is, by many metrics, increasingly dominated by women. 

As of data from 2018, 76% of teachers are female, up from 66.9% in 1981. Looking beyond the classroom, over half of school principals are women, while only 30 years ago, nearly two-thirds of public schools — at the elementary-, middle-, and high-school level — were headed by men. 

But in spite of their large numbers and increased leadership opportunities, some women, particularly those teaching in middle and high schools, sense an intangible bias toward men during the hiring process and in their workplace dynamics.

◐ A 'boys club' with men fast-tracked to promotions and opportunities

Chelsea Warner, a public high-school assistant principal in Monterey, California, suspects that school districts were looking to appoint positive male role models to administrative positions as she was seeking a promotion. "Obviously, none of that's ever said," Warner said. During her hiring process, she said, she had to fight for the interview, "while my male counterparts were being asked to interview."

Lena Peck, a middle-school teacher in a Maryland charter school, noticed early in her career that her male principal had stronger and more personal relationships with male teachers. It seemed to her as though those men were being groomed for promotion and leadership opportunities that she was never considered for. 

"As a teacher, the bulk of the work that you do is behind the closed door of a classroom," she told Insider. "You've got to have that relationship, you've got to make yourself known and make small talk in the teacher's lounge, or you're not going to get tracked for those opportunities." 

One 2020 Texas study found that women must work as classroom teachers, on average, one year longer than their male counterparts before they're promoted to assistant-principal positions. Once promoted, they work an average of eight months longer as assistant principals before being promoted to a principalship.

Women seeking high-school administration positions have it worst; as of 2018, women made up only 33% of high-school principals. Since the vast majority of the nation's superintendents charted their path through middle- and high-school principalships, this imbalance cuts women out of the district leadership pipeline at disproportionate rates. 

"I think my principal has his boys club of male teachers," Judy, a public middle-school teacher in New York who asked not to reveal her last name for privacy reasons, told Insider. Her male principal seems to address female teachers more directly regarding punctuality and dress code, while "male teachers don't seem to get talked to," she added.

Male teachers in the aggregate do demonstrate a clear preference for working under male administrators. A 2018 study found that male teachers are "significantly more likely to leave a school when it is led by a female principal." Female teachers showed no such bias. 

◐ A gender gap with a pay gap

Gender bias in education is costing teachers more than promotions. Six years into her teaching career, Peck, the Maryland charter school teacher, discovered that a male colleague of hers with similar experience and education was out-earning her by thousands of dollars per year. 

This pay gap is reflected in studies conducted across the nation in states like Illinois and Pennsylvania. Even when controlling for experience and education, female teachers and administrators are likely to make anywhere from hundreds to thousands less than men in their annual salaries.

Even so, men are often sought-after for administrative and teaching positions because of the potential relationships they may build with boys and young men. "If I have an opportunity to hire a man, I take it," Nicole Moore, a public elementary-school principal in Shamong, New Jersey, told Insider. "Kids need those role models, and it's so rare at the elementary level." All qualifications being equal, Moore prefers to fill teacher vacancies with teachers who bring underrepresented identities to her elementary school; this includes men and teachers of color. 

◐ How race plays a role

Discussions of gender inequity in the field of education can't take place without consideration for the vast racial disparities among female teachers. 

White women make up the majority of public school teachers, about 60%.

As of 2018, 53% of public-school students were kids of color, even though 79% of their teachers were non-Hispanic white, meaning that most kids in our public schools have a teacher who doesn't look like them. 

Lindsay Black, a DC middle-school teacher and cohost of the education podcast "The Reformist Pipeline," said that "kids should not matriculate through our school system without seeing themselves in a teacher. Representation absolutely matters." She recalled hearing from a panel of Black high-school students who shared that in their experience, "the white teachers don't always expect less, but they do accept less, while my Black teachers always have high expectations of me."

The jury is out on whether the totality of the gender ratio, in and of itself, constitutes a problem for the field of education. Although gender diversity in staffing bears no impact on academic achievement, stakeholders maintain an interest in providing young children with male role models. Women face barriers to promotion within the field, though that gap is closing. The diversity we should be after, really, is for teachers of color, regardless of gender.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

Women are the majority in education, yet still find themselves overlooked for promotions and making less than their male peers

INSIDER

Jun 30, 2021

In schools, it's not uncommon to look around any given staff meeting and find a plurality of women. 

在学校里，环顾任何特定的教职员工会议，发现女性占多数的情况并不少见。

plurality /plʊəˈræl.ə.ti/ 1）表示“众多，大量”，英文解释为“a large number of different types of something”举个🌰：

There was a marked plurality of opinions/views among the people attending the meeting.

与会者明显意见/看法不一。

2）表示英语中的“复数；复数形式”，英文解释为“the state of being plural”

Education is one of the largest occupational fields in the country, with over 5.5 million Americans working as kindergarten through twelfth grade (K-12) teachers. Far-flung from the overwhelmingly male industries of software development, finance, and engineering, K-12 education in the United States is, by many metrics, increasingly dominated by women.

教育是美国最大的职业领域之一，有超过550万美国人从事幼儿园到十二年级（K-12）的教师工作。与软件开发、金融和工程等男性占多数的行业相比，美国的K-12教育在许多指标上都越来越多地由女性主导。

表示“遥远的；分布广的；广泛的”，英文解释为“used to refer to places that are a great distance away, or something that is spread over a very large area”举个🌰：

She has travelled to the most far-flung corners of the world.

她游历到过世界最远的角落。

overwhelmingly /ˌoʊvərˈwelmɪŋli/ 表示“压倒性地；不可抵抗地”，英文解释为“strongly or completely; in an overwhelming way”举个🌰：

The team were overwhelmingly defeated in yesterday's game.

在昨天的比赛中这支球队遭遇了惨败。

表示“占支配地位；占主导地位；拥有优势；最明显的”，英文解释为“To dominate a situation means to be the most powerful or important person or thing in it.”举个🌰：

The book is expected to dominate the best-seller lists.

这本书预期将居畅销书榜首。

As of data from 2018, 76% of teachers are female, up from 66.9% in 1981. Looking beyond the classroom, over half of school principals are women, while only 30 years ago, nearly two-thirds of public schools — at the elementary-, middle-, and high-school level — were headed by men. 

截至2018年的数据，76%的教师是女性，高于1981年的66.9%。从课堂之外看，超过一半的校长是女性，而仅在30年前，近三分之二的公立学校--在小学、初中和高中阶段--是由男性领导。

表示“自…起；到...时候为止”，英文解释为“starting from a particular time or date”举个🌰：

As of next month, all the airline's fares will be going up.

自下月起，所有航空公司的机票价格都将上调。

But in spite of their large numbers and increased leadership opportunities, some women, particularly those teaching in middle and high schools, sense an intangible bias toward men during the hiring process and in their workplace dynamics.

但是，尽管女性人数众多，领导机会增加，一些女性，特别是那些在初中和高中任教的女性，在招聘过程中和工作氛围中感受到了对男性的无形偏袒。

intangible /ɪnˈtæn.dʒə.bəl/ 表示“（感觉或性质）难以捉摸的，无法形容的，难以确定的”，英文解释为“An intangible feeling or quality exists but you cannot describe it exactly or prove it.”举个🌰：

She has that intangible quality which you might call charisma.

她具有一种难以捉摸的特质，你或许会称之为领袖气质。

表示“偏见；偏心；偏向”，英文解释为“a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people, or one side in an argument, often not based on fair judgement”举个🌰：

Employers must consider all candidates impartially and without bias.

雇主必须公平而毫无成见地考虑所有求职者。

◐ A 'boys club' with men fast-tracked to promotions and opportunities 男性快速获得晋升和机会的“男士俱乐部”

Chelsea Warner, a public high-school assistant principal in Monterey, California, suspects that school districts were looking to appoint positive male role models to administrative positions as she was seeking a promotion. "Obviously, none of that's ever said," Warner said. During her hiring process, she said, she had to fight for the interview, "while my male counterparts were being asked to interview."

加利福尼亚州蒙特利市的公立高中副校长切尔西·华纳（Chelsea Warner）怀疑，在她寻求晋升时，学区希望任命积极的男性榜样担任行政职务。“显然，这些都没有说过，”华纳说。她说，在她的聘用过程中，她不得不去努力争取面试机会，“而我的男性同行却直接被邀请面试。”

boys-club / boys' club / boys club 字面意思是男性俱乐部，可以理解为以男性为主、将女性排除在外的“小团体”（A male-dominated organization, especially in business, that excludes or mistreats women.）

Your Dictionary给出的解释：(informal) A male-dominated organization, especially in business, that excludes or mistreats women.

表示“加快；提前；加速…的进程”，英文解释为“To fast track something means to make it happen or progress faster or earlier than normal.”

名词，fast track 表示“（通常充满竞争的）快速成功之路，迅速晋升之道”，英文解释为“the quickest route to a successful position”举个🌰：

He is on the fast track to success.

他踏上了快速成功之路。

表示“任命”，英文解释为“If you appoint someone to a job or official position, you formally choose them for it.”举个🌰：

It made sense to appoint a banker to this job. 

任命一位银行家做这项工作是合理的。

counterpart一词经常出现，counter-表示“相反的；对立的；相应的”（opposite; against; in return; corresponding），和part一起就是“对立的，相应的事物”，从而表示“职位相当的人；作用相当的事物”，英文解释为“Somene's or something's counterpart is another person or thing that has a similar function or position in a different place.”

Lena Peck, a middle-school teacher in a Maryland charter school, noticed early in her career that her male principal had stronger and more personal relationships with male teachers. It seemed to her as though those men were being groomed for promotion and leadership opportunities that she was never considered for.

莉娜·佩克（Lena Peck）是马里兰州一所特许学校的中学教师，在她职业生涯的早期就注意到，她的男校长与男教师有更强的人际关系。在她看来，这些男性似乎被培养成了晋升和领导机会，而她却从未被考虑过。

表示“（美国的）特许学校（出于某种特殊原因而建立，公共出资的独立学校，只接收符合条件的学生）”，英文解释为“in the US, a school that is paid for with public money but is organized by a private group for a special purpose and admits only students who meet its standards”举个🌰：

They formed a charter school for girls who are good at math and science.

他们建立了一所特许学校，招收在数学和科学方面出类拔萃的女生。

动词，表示“培养，培训，使做好准备”，英文解释为“to prepare someone for a special job or activity”举个🌰：

She was being groomed for leadership.

她正在接受培训以担任领导。

"As a teacher, the bulk of the work that you do is behind the closed door of a classroom," she told Insider. "You've got to have that relationship, you've got to make yourself known and make small talk in the teacher's lounge, or you're not going to get tracked for those opportunities." 

“作为一名教师，你所做的大部分工作都是默默地在教室里，”她告诉INSIDER。“你必须有这种关系，你必须让自己出名，在教师休息室进行寒暄，否则你就得不到这些机会。”

表示“（某物的）主要部分，大半”，英文解释为“the main or largest part of something”举个🌰

The bulk of consumers are based in towns.

大多数消费者都是城镇居民。

表示“闲聊，寒暄”，英文解释为“conversation about things that are not important, often between people who do not know each other well”举个🌰：

I don't enjoy parties where I have to make small talk with complete strangers.

我不喜欢那种不得不和素不相识的人寒暄的聚会。

lounge /laʊndʒ/ 1）作动词，表示“懒洋洋地坐着；懒散地躺着”，英文解释为“If you lounge somewhere, you sit or lie there in a relaxed or lazy way.”举个🌰：

They ate and drank and lounged in the shade. 

他们在阴凉处懒洋洋地坐着，又吃又喝。

2）作名词，表示“（酒店、机场、剧院等的）休息厅，等候室”，英文解释为“a room in a hotel, airport, theatre, etc. where people can relax or wait”如：an airport lounge 机场候机厅；

3）表示“客厅，起居室”，英文解释为“the room in a house or apartment that is used for relaxing and entertaining guests in”举个🌰：

All the family were sitting in the lounge watching television.

全家人都坐在客厅里看电视。

One 2020 Texas study found that women must work as classroom teachers, on average, one year longer than their male counterparts before they're promoted to assistant-principal positions. Once promoted, they work an average of eight months longer as assistant principals before being promoted to a principalship.

2020年德克萨斯州的一项研究发现，女性在晋升到副校长职位之前，平均必须比男性多做一年的任课老师工作。一旦被提拔，他们在被提拔为校长之前，平均要多做八个月的副校长工作。

Women seeking high-school administration positions have it worst; as of 2018, women made up only 33% of high-school principals. Since the vast majority of the nation's superintendents charted their path through middle- and high-school principalships, this imbalance cuts women out of the district leadership pipeline at disproportionate rates. 

寻求高中管理职位的女性情况最差；截至2018年，女性只占高中校长的33%。由于全国绝大多数的教育局长都是通过初中和高中的校长职位走过来的，这种不平衡使女性大多被排除在地区领导岗位之外。

表示“主管，负责人；（大楼的）看管人”，英文解释为“a person who is in charge of work done in a particular department, office, etc., or who is responsible for keeping a building or place in good condition”举个🌰：

In the US, a school superintendent is in charge of the schools in a particular area.

在美国，教育局长主管一个地区的学校。

表示“计划行动步骤；制订计划”，英文解释为“to plan a course of action”举个🌰：

She had carefully charted her route to the top of her profession.

她周密地制订了达到她职业巅峰的行动计划。

disproportionate /ˌdɪs.prəˈpɔː.ʃən.ət/ 表示“不成比例的；不相称的；太大（或太小）的”，英文解释为“too large or too small when compared with sth else”举个🌰：

The area contains a disproportionate number of young middle-class families.

此地年轻的中产阶级家庭特别多。

"I think my principal has his boys club of male teachers," Judy, a public middle-school teacher in New York who asked not to reveal her last name for privacy reasons, told Insider. Her male principal seems to address female teachers more directly regarding punctuality and dress code, while "male teachers don't seem to get talked to," she added.

“我认为我的校长和男教师组成了‘男士俱乐部’，”纽约的一名公立中学教师朱迪（Judy）告诉INSIDER记者，她出于隐私原因要求不透露自己的姓氏。她的男校长似乎更直接地处理女教师的考勤和着装问题，而“男教师似乎没有被谈话”，她补充说。

punctuality /ˌpʌŋktʃʊˈælɪtɪ/ 表示“准时性”，英文解释为“Punctuality is the quality of being punctual.”举个🌰：

The airline hopes to improve punctuality next year.

这家航空公司希望明年在准点上做出改善。

表示“着装标准；着装规定”，英文解释为“The dress code of a place is the rules about what kind of clothes people are allowed to wear there.”举个🌰：

There was a brutally enforced dress code, which required women to be covered from head to toe.

曾有着严格的着装规定，要求女士从头到脚都要裹紧。

Male teachers in the aggregate do demonstrate a clear preference for working under male administrators. A 2018 study found that male teachers are "significantly more likely to leave a school when it is led by a female principal." Female teachers showed no such bias. 

总的来说，男教师确实表现出明显倾向于在男性管理者手下工作。2018年的一项研究发现，当学校由女校长领导时，男教师“明显更有可能离开学校”。女教师则没有表现出这种偏向。

in (the) aggregate 表示“总共；作为总体”，英文解释为“added together as a total or single amount”

◐ A gender gap with a pay gap 有薪酬差距的性别差距

Gender bias in education is costing teachers more than promotions. Six years into her teaching career, Peck, the Maryland charter school teacher, discovered that a male colleague of hers with similar experience and education was out-earning her by thousands of dollars per year. 

教育中的性别偏见使教师的损失超过了晋升（所带来的）。马里兰州特许学校教师佩克（Peck）在其教学生涯的六年中发现，她的一位具有相似经验和教育背景的男性同事每年的收入比她高数千美元。

表示“收入更多，收入超过”，英文解释为“to earn more money than someone else”

This pay gap is reflected in studies conducted across the nation in states like Illinois and Pennsylvania. Even when controlling for experience and education, female teachers and administrators are likely to make anywhere from hundreds to thousands less than men in their annual salaries.

这种薪酬差距反映在伊利诺伊州和宾夕法尼亚州等全国各地的研究中。即使限定了经验和教育背景，女教师和行政人员的年薪也可能比男性少几百到几千。

Even so, men are often sought-after for administrative and teaching positions because of the potential relationships they may build with boys and young men. "If I have an opportunity to hire a man, I take it," Nicole Moore, a public elementary-school principal in Shamong, New Jersey, told Insider. "Kids need those role models, and it's so rare at the elementary level." All qualifications being equal, Moore prefers to fill teacher vacancies with teachers who bring underrepresented identities to her elementary school; this includes men and teachers of color. 

即便如此，男性往往是行政和教学职位的热门人选，因为他们可能与男孩子和年轻男性建立潜在的关系。“如果我有机会雇用男性，我就会抓住这个机会，”新泽西州沙蒙市的一位公立小学校长妮可·摩尔（Nicole Moore）告诉INSIDER记者。“孩子们需要这些榜样，而这在小学阶段是非常少的。”在所有资格相同的情况下，摩尔更倾向于雇用那些为她的小学带来代表性不足的教师来填补教师空缺；这包括男性和有色人种教师。

表示“（因品质高或稀有而）热门的，广受欢迎的”，英文解释为“wanted by many people and usually of high quality or rare”举个🌰：

At the age of 17 she is already one of Hollywood's most sought-after actresses.

她17岁时就是好莱坞最走红的女演员之一了。

1）表示“（取得）比赛资格”，英文解释为“success in getting into a competition”举个🌰：

The win earned them qualification for the World Cup finals.

这场胜利让他们获得了参加世界杯决赛的资格。

2）表示“资历，资格；条件；合格性”，英文解释为“an ability, characteristic, or experience that makes you suitable for a particular job or activity”举个🌰：

Some nursing experience is a necessary qualification for this job.

具备一定的护理经验是得到这份工作的必要条件。

表示“（职位）空缺”，英文解释为“a job that no one is doing and is therefore available for someone new to do”举个🌰：

There is a vacancy for a shop assistant on Saturdays.

商店有个星期六上班的店员职位空缺。

表示“未被充分代表的；代表名额不足的”，英文解释为“If a type of person or thing is under-represented in a group or organization, there are not enough of them in it.”举个🌰：

Hispanics are under-represented in US political institutions.

在美国的政治机构中缺乏代表西班牙裔的人士。

◐ How race plays a role 种族是如何发挥作用的

Discussions of gender inequity in the field of education can't take place without consideration for the vast racial disparities among female teachers. 

在讨论教育领域的性别不平等问题时，不能不考虑到女教师中存在的巨大种族差异。

disparity /dɪˈspærɪtɪ/表示“（尤指不公正的）不同，差异”，英文解释为“a difference between two or more things, especially an unfair one”，如：a disparity between the rates of pay for men and women 男性与女性在工资水平上的差异。

相反的：

📍parity表示“（尤指薪金、权利或权力的）相同，相等，同等”，英文解释为“the state of being equal, especially having equal pay, rights, or power”举个🌰：

Women workers are demanding parity with their male colleagues.

女职工在要求与男同事享有同等的待遇。

还可以指两个不同国家的货币单位的“平价，等价”(equality between the units of money from two diffe-rent countries）；

📍2019年「妇女节」联合国秘书长发表讲话时，就提到：

📍在2018年政府工作报告中，居民收入增长和经济增长基本同步；就处理为：Basic parity in personal income growth and economic growth.

White women make up the majority of public school teachers, about 60%.

白人女性占公立学校教师的大多数，约为60%。

As of 2018, 53% of public-school students were kids of color, even though 79% of their teachers were non-Hispanic white, meaning that most kids in our public schools have a teacher who doesn't look like them. 

截至2018年，53%的公立学校学生是有色人种的孩子，尽管他们79%的老师是非西班牙裔白人，这意味着我们公立学校的大多数孩子都有一个看起来不像他们的老师。

Hispanic /hɪˈspæn.ɪk/ 表示“西班牙（人）的；西班牙语言（文化）的；（尤指拉丁美洲）西班牙语国家的”，英文解释为“connected with Spain or Spanish-speaking countries, especially those countries in Latin America”

Lindsay Black, a DC middle-school teacher and cohost of the education podcast "The Reformist Pipeline," said that "kids should not matriculate through our school system without seeing themselves in a teacher. Representation absolutely matters." She recalled hearing from a panel of Black high-school students who shared that in their experience, "the white teachers don't always expect less, but they do accept less, while my Black teachers always have high expectations of me."

林赛·布莱克（Lindsay Black）是华盛顿特区的一名中学教师，也是教育播客“The Reformist Pipeline”的联合主持人，他说：“孩子们不应该在没有自己（同种族）的老师的情况下通过我们的学校制度入学。代表权绝对重要。”她回顾说，她从一个黑人高中生小组那里听到，在他们的经验中，“白人老师并不总是期望值较低，但他们确实接受值较低，而我的黑人老师总是对我有很高的期望。”

matriculate /məˈtrɪkjʊˌleɪt/ 表示“被（大学）录取；（大学）注册入学；被录取入学”，英文解释为“to be formally admitted to study at a university or college”

🎬电影《暮光之城》（Twilight）中的台词提到：We matriculate a lot. 我们入学很多次/我们上过很多次学。

The jury is out on whether the totality of the gender ratio, in and of itself, constitutes a problem for the field of education. Although gender diversity in staffing bears no impact on academic achievement, stakeholders maintain an interest in providing young children with male role models. Women face barriers to promotion within the field, though that gap is closing. The diversity we should be after, really, is for teachers of color, regardless of gender.

关于性别比例的整体本身是否构成教育领域的问题，目前尚无定论。虽然人员编制中的性别多样性对学术成就没有影响，但利益相关者仍然希望为幼儿提供男性榜样。女性在该领域的晋升方面面临障碍，尽管这一差距正在缩小。实际上，我们应该追求的多样性是有色人种的教师，而不是性别。

the jury is (still) out 表示“（答案或观点）尚不明确，悬而未决”，英文解释为“If the jury is (still) out on a subject, people do not yet know the answer or have not yet decided if it is good or bad.”举个🌰：

The jury's still out on the safety of irradiated food.

人们对辐射处理过的食品是否安全尚不清楚。

除了表示“组成”，等同于make up，还可以表示“构成，被视为，被算作”，英文解释为“If something constitutes a particular thing, it can be regarded as being that thing.”，如：constitute a professional and legal offence 构成职业和法律犯罪；举个🌰：

Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach of the employment contract.

不能完成工作被视为违反雇用合同。

The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society.

犯罪率上升对社会构成了威胁。

🎬电影《空中危机》（Flightplan）中的台词提到：A teddy bear does not constitute an inaccurate passenger manifest. 有一只泰迪熊并不代表 乘客名单出了错。

🎬电影《从足球流氓到黑帮崛起3》（Rise of the Footsoldier 3）中的台词提到：High on drink and pills does not constitute as a defense. 醉药 醉酒 不能作为辩护证据。

表示“股东；持股人；利益相关者；利害关系人”，英文解释为“Stakeholders are people who have an interest in a company's or organization's affairs.”

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