中国胜诉了！
近日，当地时间1月26日，世贸组织宣布，中国每年可对价值6.45亿美元的美国进口商品征收关税。
该贸易争端裁决始于2012年，当时中国因美国对太阳能电池板等中国产品征收反补贴关税，将美国诉至世贸组织。
此前世贸组织已裁决美国相关措施违反世贸组织规定，并得到了上诉机构的支持。
无注释原文：
WTO lets China impose tariffs on U.S. in Obama-era case
Reuters
The World Trade Organization authorised China on Wednesday to impose $645 million of compensatory tariffs against the United States.
China went to the WTO in 2012 to challenge anti-subsidy tariffs the United States imposed between 2008 and 2012, mainly during the term of U.S. President Barack Obama, on 22 Chinese products ranging from solar panels to steel wire.
The decade-long case involving alleged subsidies has centred on whether the United States could treat Chinese firms in which the government owns a majority stake as controlled by the state.
The United States, which has argued that China benefits from easier treatment at the WTO while subsidising manufactured goods and dumping them on world markets, said the decision underscored the need to reform WTO rules that had been used to "shield China’s non-market economic practices and undermine fair, market-oriented competition".
"The deeply disappointing decision today by the WTO arbitrator reflects erroneous Appellate Body interpretations that damage the ability of WTO members to defend our workers and businesses from China’s trade-distorting subsidies," Adam Hodge, spokesperson for the U.S. Trade Representative's Office, said in a statement.
China had initially asked the three-person WTO panel to award it the right to impose tariffs on $2.4 billion of U.S. goods.
The actual award is dwarfed by U.S. tariffs on more than $300 billion of Chinese goods imposed by then-U.S. President Donald Trump, most of which are still in place.
However, the ruling was another symbolic victory for Beijing at the Geneva-based trade body. In November 2019, the WTO awarded China the right to retaliatory tariffs of $3.58 billion after finding fault with the way Washington determined whether Chinese products are being dumped on the U.S. market.
"The ruling once again attested that the United States has long violated WTO rules, abused trade remedy measures and refused to fulfil its international obligations ordered by WTO or stipulated in WTO rules. This has seriously damaged the fair and just international trade environment," Gao Feng, spokesman for China's Ministry of Commerce, said on Thursday.
"China urges the U.S. to stop looking for excuses and immediately take action to correct its wrongdoings in trade remedy investigations against China," Gao told a news conference.
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
WTO lets China impose tariffs on U.S. in Obama-era case
Reuters
The World Trade Organization authorised China on Wednesday to impose $645 million of compensatory tariffs against the United States.
世界贸易组织周三批准中国对美国征收6.45亿美元的补偿性关税。
authorise
表示“批准，准许；授权，委托”，英文解释为“to give official permission for something to happen, or to give someone official permission to do something”举个🌰：
I authorised my bank to pay her £3,000.
我授权我的开户银行支付她3000英镑。
impose
1）表示“推行；强制实行”，英文解释为“to officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received”举个🌰：
Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes.
最近对香烟开征很高的税。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇分析拜登贸易政策的文章中提到：The other matter is what Mr Biden will do with the tariffs imposed by Mr Trump. 另一件事是拜登将如何处理特朗普实施的关税。
2）表示“把（尤指信仰或生活方式）强加于”，英文解释为“to force someone to accept something, especially a belief or way of living”举个🌰：
I don't want them to impose their religious beliefs on my children.
我不希望他们把自己的宗教信仰强加给我的孩子们。
3）表示“勉强；打扰，麻烦”，英文解释为“to expect someone to do something for you or spend time with you when they do not want to or when it is not convenient for them”举个🌰：
She's always imposing on people - asking favours and getting everyone to do things for her.
她总是强人所难——要人帮忙做这做那。
compensatory tariffs
tariff /ˈtærɪf/ 表示“关税”，英文解释为“A tariff is a tax that a government collects on goods coming into a country.”
Compensatory 表示“补偿的；补偿性的”，英文解释为“measures are designed to help people who have special problems or disabilities.”
补偿关税是进口关税的一种。一国为了补偿国内同样商品所缴纳的某些捐税，向进口商品征收的关税。（百度百科）
📍补偿关税主要有以下几种情况：
1．国内生产某种商品所需要的原材料，如需缴纳进口关税，则同样商品进口时，也要补交所用原材料应交的进口关税。
2．某种本国产品在国内要缴纳某项国内税，则同样的商品进口时，也要加征与国内税相等的进口关税。
3．一些国家在建立关税同盟的过程中，暂时用补偿税代替成员国之间的普通关税，作为最终取消一切内部关税的过渡性措施。欧洲经济共同体在取消内部关税的过程中就曾采用这一办法。
China went to the WTO in 2012 to challenge anti-subsidy tariffs the United States imposed between 2008 and 2012, mainly during the term of U.S. President Barack Obama, on 22 Chinese products ranging from solar panels to steel wire.
2008年至2012年期间，主要是在奥巴马（Barack Obama）任期内，美国对包括太阳能电池板、钢丝等在内的22种中国产品征收反补贴关税。2012年，中国将美国诉至世贸组织。
subsidy
表示“补助金；津贴，补贴”，英文解释为“money given as part of the cost of something, to help or encourage it to happen”举个🌰：
The company received a substantial government subsidy.
公司得到了大笔的政府津贴。
term
表示“期，期限；任期”，英文解释为“the fixed period of time that something lasts for”举个🌰：
He served a short term for drunk driving.
他因酒后开车而短期入狱。
对比：
📍tenure /ˈtɛnjʊə/ 表示“任期，任职”，英文解释为“the period of time when sb holds an important job, especially a political one; the act of holding an important job”。
The decade-long case involving alleged subsidies has centred on whether the United States could treat Chinese firms in which the government owns a majority stake as controlled by the state.
这个长达十年的案件涉及所谓的补贴，其争议的核心是美国政府是否应该视获中国政府拥有大部份股份的企业为国营企业。
alleged
表示“被说成的，（尤指在证据不足的情况下）被指控的”，英文解释为“said or thought by some people to be the stated bad or illegal thing, although you have no proof”举个🌰：
It took 15 years for the alleged criminals (= people thought to be criminals) to prove their innocence.
那些被指控犯罪的人用了15年时间才证明自己是无辜的。
stake
表示“股本，股份”，英文解释为“a share or a financial involvement in something such as a business”举个🌰：
He holds (= owns) a 55 percent stake in/of the company.
他拥有公司55%的股份。
补充：
📍have a stake in sth表示“对…有强烈的兴趣；与…有利害关系”，英文解释为“If you have a stake in something, it is important to you because you have a personal interest or involvement in it.”举个🌰：
Employers have a stake in the training of their staff.
雇主很重视员工培训。
The United States, which has argued that China benefits from easier treatment at the WTO while subsidising manufactured goods and dumping them on world markets, said the decision underscored the need to reform WTO rules that had been used to "shield China’s non-market economic practices and undermine fair, market-oriented competition".
美国认为，中国一方面获世贸的优待，同时对制成品进行补贴，再向世界市场倾销。美国方面说，这一决定强调了改革世贸组织规则的必要性，（并污蔑称）这些规则被用于“保护中国的非市场经济行为，破坏公平及市场化竞争”。
dump
表示“（常指向另一国家）倾销，甩卖”，英文解释为“to sell unwanted goods very cheaply, usually in other countries”举个🌰：
They accused the West of dumping out-of-date medicines on Third World countries.
他们指责西方国家向第三世界国家倾销过期药品。
underscore
表示“突出显示；强调”，英文解释为“If something such as an action or an event underscores another, it draws attention to the other thing and emphasizes its importance.”举个🌰：
The figures underscore the state of the economic recovery.
数据突出显示了经济复苏的状态。
🎬电影《笔下求生》（Stranger Than Fiction）中的台词提到：lts desperate attempts to escape... only underscore the hopelessness of its plight. 它绝望的挣扎 只能强调它无望的处境。
shield
1）表示“保护”，英文解释为“to protect someone or something”举个🌰：
She held her hand above her eyes to shield them from the sun.
她把手搭在眼睛上方以遮挡太阳。
2）表示“（足球）护球”，英文解释为“in football, to keep your body between an opponent and the ball, with your back to the other player, to prevent them from getting the ball”举个🌰：
We teach young players how to step in front of the defender and use their body to shield the ball.
我们教年轻队员如何插到对方防守队员前面并用身体护球。
undermine
表示“（常指逐渐地）削弱信心、权威等，损害”，英文解释为“to make someone less confident, less powerful, or less likely to succeed, or to make something weaker, often gradually”举个🌰：
Criticism just undermines their confidence.
批评只是削弱了他们的信心。
"The deeply disappointing decision today by the WTO arbitrator reflects erroneous Appellate Body interpretations that damage the ability of WTO members to defend our workers and businesses from China’s trade-distorting subsidies," Adam Hodge, spokesperson for the U.S. Trade Representative's Office, said in a statement.
美国贸易代表办公室发言人亚当·霍奇（Adam Hodge）在一份声明中称，世贸组织的裁决令人深感失望，反映了上诉机构的错误解释，损害了世贸组织成员捍卫我们的工人和企业免受中国扭曲贸易的补贴的能力。
arbitrator
表示“仲裁人；裁决人；公断人”，英文解释为“a person who has been officially chosen to make a decision between two people or groups who do not agree.”
Appellate Body
世界贸易组织上诉机构（Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization，WTOAB）是一个由七名法官组成的世界贸易组织常设机构。当世界贸易组织成员之间发生贸易争端之后，争端方会先试图通过磋商解决。如果磋商不成功，则通过争端解决机构（Dispute Settlement Body，DSB）组建的专家组进行裁决。如果当事方对专家组裁决不满，则可以上诉至上诉机构。上诉机构可以维持、修改或推翻专家组的调查结果和结论。
上诉机构出具的报告一旦被争端解决机构采纳，则该报告必须被争端各方接受。世贸组织上诉机构的所在地位于瑞士日内瓦。有人认为上诉机构 "实际上是世界贸易的最高法院"。（Wikipedia）
defend
1）表示“保护，防卫；为…辩护”，英文解释为“to protect someone or something against attack or criticism; to speak in favour of someone or something”举个🌰：
They are fighting to defend their beliefs/interests/rights.
他们在为捍卫自己的信仰／利益／权利而战。
2）表示“（在法庭上）为…辩护，当…的辩护律师”，英文解释为“to act as a lawyer for someone who has been accused of something in a court of law and try to prove that they are not guilty”举个🌰：
I can't afford a lawyer, so I shall defend myself (= argue my own case in a court of law).
我请不起律师，所以我将在法庭上自辩。
3）表示“（运动比赛中）卫冕；蝉联冠军”，英文解释为“to compete in a sports competition that you won before and try to win it again”举个🌰：
He will defend his 1,500 metre title this weekend.
他会在周末1500米比赛中争取卫冕。
4）表示“（在体育比赛中）防守，防卫”，英文解释为“to try to prevent the opposing player or players from scoring points, goals, etc. in a sport”举个🌰：
In the last ten minutes of the game, we needed to defend.
我们得在比赛的最后十分钟内进行防守。
China had initially asked the three-person WTO panel to award it the right to impose tariffs on $2.4 billion of U.S. goods.
起初，中国要求世贸组织三人小组批准对每年24亿美元的美国进口商品征税。
panel
表示“（选定的）专家小组；讨论小组”，英文解释为“a small group of people chosen to give advice, make a decision, or publicly discuss their opinions as entertainment”。举个🌰：
The competition will be judged by a panel of experts.
这次竞赛将由一个专家小组来评判。
The actual award is dwarfed by U.S. tariffs on more than $300 billion of Chinese goods imposed by then-U.S. President Donald Trump, most of which are still in place.
与美国时任总统唐纳德·特朗普（Donald Trump）对超过3000亿美元的中国商品征收的关税相比，实际裁决相形见绌，其中大部分仍在执行。
dwarf
dwarf /dwɔːf/ 表示“使显得矮小；使相形见绌”，英文解释为“to make sth seem small or unimportant compared with sth else”举个🌰：
The old houses were dwarfed by the huge new tower blocks.
这些旧房子在新建的高楼大厦的映衬下显得十分矮小。
However, the ruling was another symbolic victory for Beijing at the Geneva-based trade body. In November 2019, the WTO awarded China the right to retaliatory tariffs of $3.58 billion after finding fault with the way Washington determined whether Chinese products are being dumped on the U.S. market.
该裁决是中国在WTO取得的又一个胜利。2019年11月，世贸组织在发现美国判定中国产品是否被倾销到美国市场的方式有问题后，授予中国35.8亿美元的报复性关税权利。
symbolic
表示“使用象征的；作为象征的；象征性的”，英文解释为“containing symbols, or being used as a symbol”举个🌰：
The dove is symbolic of peace.
鸽子是和平的象征。
retaliatory
retaliatory /rɪˈtæl.i.ə.tɔːr.i/ 表示“报复的；回击的”，英文解释为“A retaliatory action is one that is harmful to someone who has done something to harm you.”举个🌰：
He urged people not to resort to retaliatory violence.
他力劝人们不要以暴制暴。
补充：
📍retaliatory tariffs 报复关税又称“收入关税”。“保护关税”的对称。以增加财政收入为主要目的而征收的关税。
它通常选择本国不能生产或国内无代用品的消费品征收进口税，税率一般比保护关税税率低，否则就会阻碍外国商品进口，达不到增加财政收入的目的。
"The ruling once again attested that the United States has long violated WTO rules, abused trade remedy measures and refused to fulfil its international obligations ordered by WTO or stipulated in WTO rules. This has seriously damaged the fair and just international trade environment," Gao Feng, spokesman for China's Ministry of Commerce, said on Thursday.
周四，中国商务部新闻发言人高峰表示，世贸组织的裁决再次证明，美方长期以来违反世贸规则、滥用贸易救济措施，拒不履行世贸组织裁决和世贸规则明确规定的国际义务，严重损害了公平公正的国际贸易环境。
attest
表示“表明；证明；证实”，英文解释为“to show something or to say or prove that something is true”举个🌰：
Contemporary accounts attest to his courage and determination.
当时的报道证实了他的勇气和决心。
🎬电影《被解救的姜戈》（Django Unchained）中的台词提到：five witnesses who can attest to that fact. 5个目击者可以作证。
abuse
表示“（尤指为个人私利而）滥用；妄用”，英文解释为“to use something for the wrong purpose in a way that is harmful or morally wrong”举个🌰：
She is continually abusing her position by getting other people to do things for her.
她不断滥用职权，让别人替她做事。
fulfil
表示“实现；达到；履行，执行”，英文解释为“to do something that is expected, hoped for, or promised, or to cause it to happen”举个🌰：
A school fails if it does not fulfil the needs/requirements of its pupils.
学校如果不能满足学生的需求/要求，那它就是失败的。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述中国电动车行业的文章中提到：If those ambitions are fulfilled the firm's EVs will have captured about 5% of the total Chinese car market. 如果这些雄心壮志得偿所愿，那么该公司的电动车将占据中国整个汽车市场5%左右的份额。
stipulate
stipulate /ˈstɪpjʊˌleɪt/ 表示“规定；明确要求”，英文解释为“If you stipulate a condition or stipulate that something must be done, you say clearly that it must be done.”举个🌰：
She could have stipulated that she would pay when she collected the computer.
她本可以明确要求取电脑时付款的。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述奈飞（Netflix）流媒体服务的文章中提到：Episode counts went up, boosted by syndication contracts, which generally stipulated that after a show had aired for a certain number of episodes, usually 88 (or four seasons), the rights to air it could be sold to third parties. 在分销（syndication）合同的推动下，剧集的集数增加了。这类合同通常规定，一部剧播出一定集数后——通常是88集（或四季）——播出权可以出售给第三方。
just
just作形容词，表示“公正的；正义的；正当的；合理的”，英文解释为“that most people consider to be morally fair and reasonable”，如：a just decision/law/society 公正的决定/法律/社会，举个🌰：
The judge's sentence was perfectly just in the circumstances.
在这种情况下，法官的判决非常公正。
补充：
📍get your just deserts表示“罪有应得”，英文解释为“If you get your just deserts, something bad happens to you that you deserve because of something bad you have done.”
对比：
📍 equitable表示“公平合理的；公正的”，英文解释为“fair and reasonable; treating everyone in an equal way”
📍 fair表示“公平的；公正的”，英文解释为“Something or someone that is fair is reasonable, right, and just.”
📍 impartial表示“公正的；不偏不倚的；中立的”，英文解释为“Someone who is impartial is not directly involved in a particular situation, and is therefore able to give a fair opinion or decision about it.”如：an impartial inquiry 公正的调查。
📍 unbiased表示“无偏见的；公正的”，英文解释为“If you describe someone or something as unbiased, you mean they are fair and not likely to support one particular person or group involved in something.”如：unbiased advice 客观的忠告。
"China urges the U.S. to stop looking for excuses and immediately take action to correct its wrongdoings in trade remedy investigations against China," Gao told a news conference.
高峰在新闻发布会上表示，希望美方不要再寻找任何借口，立即采取行动，纠正在对华贸易救济调查中的错误做法。
urge
表示“敦促；驱策；力劝”，英文解释为“to strongly advise or try to persuade someone to do a particular thing”举个🌰：
Lawyers will urge the parents to take further legal action.
律师们会力劝家长们采取进一步的法律行动。
wrongdoing
表示“违法行为；不道德行为；做坏事；违法犯罪”，英文解释为“a bad or an illegal action”举个🌰：
She has strenuously denied any criminal wrongdoing.
她坚决否认有任何违法行为。
remedy
1）作名词，表示“疗法，治疗；补救（办法），纠正（办法）”，英文解释为“a successful way of curing an illness or dealing with a problem or difficulty”举个🌰：
The best remedy for grief is hard work.
排解忧伤的最好办法就是努力工作。
2）作动词，表示“补救；纠正；改进”，英文解释为“to do something to correct or improve something that is wrong”举个🌰：
This mistake must be remedied immediately.
这一错误必须立即予以纠正。
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LearnAndRecord
2015年2月8日
2022年1月27日
第2546天
每天持续行动学外语