昭昭前事，惕惕后人

国家公祭日，以国之名祭奠同胞！

铭记历史，勿忘国耻，捍卫和平，吾辈自强！

无注释原文：

China marks 84th anniversary of Nanking Massacre in WWII

AP NEWS

China on Monday marked the 84th anniversary of the Nanking Massacre, in which hundreds of thousands of civilians and disarmed soldiers were killed by Japanese troops in and around the former Chinese capital.

A People’s Liberation Army honor guard bearing large funeral wreaths marched slowly past a memorial showing the figure 300,000, China’s official death toll in the events of December 1937, as solemn music played. Troops, students and 3,000 attendees then stood at rigid attention to observe a minute of silence.

Addressing the gathering, Chinese Vice Premier Sun Chunlan said they had came together to “learn from history and open up a new chapter of our future.”

The ceremony aimed to “showcase our lofty commitment to a peaceful development path,” said Sun.

In 2014, China’s top legislature designated Dec. 13 as national day of remembrance for massacre victims. Survivors, just 61 of whom are still living, were among those observing the date.

The website of the official Xinhua News Agency appeared in black and white to mark the occasion, while popular online shopping and social media sites such as Taobao and WeChat displayed black backgrounds.

China frequently criticizes Japan for not showing sufficient contrition for the brutality of its expansionist campaign that swept across Asia during the first half of the 20th century.

This year’s commemoration comes at a time when relations with Japan are generally stable and criticisms have been muted, despite a major downturn in China’s relations with Tokyo’s key ally, the United States.

A 1946 international postwar tribunal concluded at least 200,000 civilians were killed by Japanese troops in a weekslong frenzy of murder, rape, looting and arson after Nanking — China’s capital at the time — fell on Dec. 13, 1937, after bitter street fighting in Shanghai. The city’s name is now spelled Nanjing under the pinyin romanization system.

Some right-wing Japanese politicians have downplayed the death toll or denied outright that the Nanking atrocity happened.

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注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

China marks 84th anniversary of Nanking Massacre in WWII

AP NEWS

China on Monday marked the 84th anniversary of the Nanking Massacre, in which hundreds of thousands of civilians and disarmed soldiers were killed by Japanese troops in and around the former Chinese capital.

周一，中国纪念南京大屠杀84周年。南京大屠杀事件中，数十万平民和被解除武装的士兵在前中国首都及其周边地区被日军杀害。

1）massacre /'mæsəkɚ/ 作动词也可以作名词，表示“屠杀；杀戮”，英文解释为“the killing of a large number of people especially in a cruel way”；

2）作名词，还可以表示“（在比赛或竞争中的）惨败”，英文解释为：a very bad defeat in a game or competition，举个🌰：

United lost in a 5-0 massacre.

联队以0比5惨败。

对比：

📍表示“大屠杀”的名词 carnage“（尤指战争中的）大屠杀，残杀”，英文解释为“when a lot of people are killed and injured, especially in a war”，如：a scene of terrible carnage 可怕的大屠杀场面。

表示“缴…的械，解除…的武装；交出武器，裁军”，英文解释为“to take weapons away from someone, or to give up weapons or armies”举个🌰：

With one movement, she disarmed the man and pinned him against the wall.

她一下子就缴了那男子的械，并把他按到墙上。

A People's Liberation Army honor guard bearing large funeral wreaths marched slowly past a memorial showing the figure 300,000, China's official death toll in the events of December 1937, as solemn music played. Troops, students and 3,000 attendees then stood at rigid attention to observe a minute of silence.

在庄严的旋律中，一支抬着大型花圈的中国人民解放军仪仗队缓缓走过一个纪念碑，上面写着30万，这是中国在1937年12月事件中的官方死亡人数。部队、学生和3000名与会者随后默哀一分钟。

honor guard / guard of honour 表示“仪仗队”，英文解释为“a group of people, usually soldiers, who are arranged in a row at a special occasion such as a marriage ceremony or an official visit, to honour someone very important”。

wreath /riːðz/ 表示“花环；花圈”，英文解释为“an arrangement of flowers and leaves in a circular shape, used as a decoration or as a sign of respect and remembrance for a person who has died”如：a holly/laurel wreath 圣诞冬青花环/桂冠。

表示“（齐步）行走，行进”，英文解释为“to walk with regular steps and keeping the body stiff, usually in a formal group of people who are all walking in the same way”举个🌰

The band marched through the streets.

乐队齐步走过街道。

1）表示“(道路或桥梁）收费；通行费”，英文解释为“A toll road or toll bridge is a road or bridge that you have to pay to use.”举个🌰：

Most people who drive the toll roads don't use them every day.

大部分开车上收费公路的人不是每天都走公路。

2）表示“（死亡、事故或灾难的）总数”，英文解释为“A toll is a total number of deaths, accidents, or disasters that occur in a particular period of time.”举个🌰：

There are fears that the casualty toll may be higher.

人们担心伤亡人数可能会更多。

Prepaid tolls only/ Pay toll

1）表示“庄严的；严正的；郑重的”，英文解释为“done, said, etc. in a very serious and sincere way”，如：a solemn oath/undertaking/vow, etc. 庄严的誓言、郑重的承诺、严肃的誓约等。

2）表示“冷峻的；表情严肃的”，英文解释为“not happy or smiling”，如：a solemn expression 冷峻的表情。

1）表示“僵硬的；固定的；不能弯曲的”，英文解释为“stiff or fixed; not able to be bent or moved”如：a rigid steel and concrete structure 坚固的钢筋混凝土结构。

2）表示“固执的；僵化的；一成不变的”，英文解释为“not willing to change their ideas or behaviour”举个🌰：

We were disappointed that they insisted on such a rigid interpretation of the rules.

他们坚持对规则进行如此呆板僵化的解释，令我们非常失望。

1）表示“遵守，奉行（法律、规则或习俗）”，英文解释为“If you observe something such as a law or custom, you obey it or follow it. ”举个🌰：

Imposing speed restrictions is easy, but forcing drivers to observe them is trickier.

实行速度限制容易，而迫使司机遵守较难。

The crowd observed a minute's silence (= were silent for one minute) in memory of those who had died.

众人为死者默哀一分钟。

2）下文出现其另一熟词僻义，表示“纪念，庆祝”，英文解释为“If you observe an important day such as a holiday or anniversary, you do something special in order to honour or celebrate it.”如：where he will observe Thanksgiving with family members. 在那里他将与家人一起庆祝感恩节。

3）另一个常见含义表示“观察；注意到，觉察到；看到”（to notice or see）。

Addressing the gathering, Chinese Vice Premier Sun Chunlan said they had came together to “learn from history and open up a new chapter of our future.”

中国副总理孙春兰出席仪式并讲话时说，在这里隆重集会，“以史为鉴、开创未来。”

premier作名词，“首相，总理”；作为形容词则表示“首位的，首要的”（best or most important），举个🌰：

He's one of the nation's premier scientists.

他是该国最重要的科学家之一。

The ceremony aimed to “showcase our lofty commitment to a peaceful development path,” said Sun.

该仪式旨在“表达坚定不移走和平发展道路的崇高愿望”，孙春兰说。

1）表示“高傲的，自大的”，英文解释为“If you have a lofty way of behaving or talking, etc., you act as if you think you are better than other people.”如：a lofty attitude/air/tone 高傲的态度/神情/语气。

2）表示“崇高的，高尚的”，英文解释为“Lofty ideas, etc. are of a high moral standard.”如：lofty sentiments/ideals 崇高的情操/理想。

In 2014, China's top legislature designated Dec. 13 as national day of remembrance for massacre victims. Survivors, just 61 of whom are still living, were among those observing the date.

2014年，中国最高立法机构将12月13日定为南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭日。幸存者，其中只有61人仍然活着，是纪念这个日子的人之一。

表示“立法机构”，英文解释为“the group of people in a country or part of a country who have the power to make and change laws”

designate /ˈdezɪɡneɪt/ 1）表示“命名；指定，划定（特征、用途）”，英文解释为“When you designate someone or something as a particular thing, you formally give them that description or name.”举个🌰：

There are efforts under way to designate the bridge (as) a historic landmark. 

人们在努力把这座桥定为历史地标。

2）表示“指定，选定；委派”，英文解释为“When you designate someone as something, you formally choose them to do that particular job.”举个🌰：

Designate someone as the spokesperson.

指派某人为发言人。

📍designated作形容词，表示“指定的；特指的，划定的”。

📍类似的有个词dedicated，表示“专用的，专门的”（designed to be used for one particular purpose）举个🌰：

Such areas should also be served by dedicated cycle routes.

这些地区也应该可由自行车专用路线到达。

The website of the official Xinhua News Agency appeared in black and white to mark the occasion, while popular online shopping and social media sites such as Taobao and WeChat displayed black backgrounds.

官方新华社网站变成了黑白两色，以纪念这个日子，而广受欢迎的网上购物和社交媒体网站，如淘宝和微信则显示黑色背景。

表示“对…表示敬意；纪念”，英文解释为“to show respect for or commemorate”举个🌰：

Tomorrow's activity will mark the 50th anniversary of the battle.

明天的活动是为了纪念该战役50周年。

China frequently criticizes Japan for not showing sufficient contrition for the brutality of its expansionist campaign that swept across Asia during the first half of the 20th century.

中国经常批评日本没有对其在20世纪上半叶横扫亚洲的扩张主义运动的残暴行径表现出足够的忏悔。

表示“痛悔；悔悟；悔罪”，英文解释为“a very sorry or guilty feeling about something bad you have done, or the act of showing that you feel like this”。

表示“残暴；残暴行为”，英文解释为“Brutality is cruel and violent treatment or behaviour. A brutality is an instance of cruel and violent treatment or behaviour.”举个🌰：

Her experience of men was of domination and brutality. 

男人留给她的感受是支配一切，野蛮残暴。

表示“扩张主义的”，英文解释为“If you describe a country or organization as expansionist, you disapprove of it because it has a policy of increasing its land or power.”

表示“风行，风靡，迅速蔓延，迅速传播”，英文解释为“to quickly spread through and influence an area”举个🌰：

A flu epidemic is sweeping through Moscow.

一场流感正在莫斯科迅速传播。

📺电视剧《王冠》（The Crown）中的台词提到：Independence is sweeping across the continent. ~席卷这片大陆。

📺动画片《辛普森一家》（The Simpsons）中的台词提到：A plague is sweeping through Springfield. 一场瘟疫正席卷斯普林菲尔德。

This year’s commemoration comes at a time when relations with Japan are generally stable and criticisms have been muted, despite a major downturn in China's relations with Tokyo's key ally, the United States.

尽管中国与日本主要盟友美国的关系出现重大下滑，但今年的纪念活动正值与日本的关系总体稳定且批评声平息的时期。

表示“纪念；纪念活动”，英文解释为“something that is done to remember officially and give respect to a great person or event”。

表示“衰退，渐入低迷”，英文解释为“a reduction in the amount or success of something, such as a country's economic activity”。

A 1946 international postwar tribunal concluded at least 200,000 civilians were killed by Japanese troops in a weekslong frenzy of murder, rape, looting and arson after Nanking — China's capital at the time — fell on Dec. 13, 1937, after bitter street fighting in Shanghai. The city's name is now spelled Nanjing under the pinyin romanization system.

1946年国际战后法庭得出结论，在1937年12月13日南京（Nanking）--当时的中国首都--沦陷后，在上海激烈的巷战中，至少有20万平民被日本军队在长达数周的谋杀、强奸、抢劫和纵火的暴行中遇害。南京（Nanking）现在在汉语拼音中拼成“Nanjing”。

tribunal /traɪˈbjuːnəl/ 表示“（尤指由政府正式选定的）特别法庭，审理委员会”，英文解释为“a special court or group of people who are officially chosen, especially by the government, to examine (legal) problems of a particular type”如：a war crimes tribunal 战争犯罪特别法庭。

表示“疯狂，狂热，狂暴”，英文解释为“(an example of) uncontrolled and excited behaviour or emotion that is sometimes violent”，举个🌰：

The audience worked/whipped themselves into a frenzy as they waited for her to come on stage.

观众在期待她登上舞台的过程中情绪变得狂热起来。

📍work yourself into a frenzy / panic / state etc,表示“使自己变得疯狂/恐慌/紧张等”（to make yourself become very nervous, angry etc）举个🌰：

He seemed to be working himself into a rage.

他似乎开始怒火中烧。

loot /luːt/ 表示“抢劫（商店或房屋）”，英文解释为“If people loot, or loot stores or houses, they steal things from them, for example, during a war or riot.”举个🌰：

Gangs began breaking windows and looting shops.

歹徒们开始砸橱窗、抢商店。

arson /ˈɑːsən/ 表示“纵火（罪），放火（罪）”，英文解释为：the crime of deliberately making something burn, especially a building，如：a terrible wave of theft and arson 一波可怕的盗窃和纵火事件...

📍纵火犯：arsonist

表示“被打败；沦陷；失守”，英文解释为“to be defeated or captured”举个🌰：

Troy finally fell to the Greeks.

特洛伊城最终被希腊人攻陷。

Pinyin romanization, also spelled Pin-yin, also called Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, Chinese (Pinyin) Hanyu pinyin wenzi (“Chinese-language combining-sounds alphabet”), system of romanization for the Chinese written language based on the pronunciation of the Beijing dialect of Mandarin Chinese.

📍罗马化（Romanization），又称拉丁化（Latinization），是语言学中将不是拉丁字母（又称罗马字母）形式的文字系统，转换成拉丁字母的过程。

Some right-wing Japanese politicians have downplayed the death toll or denied outright that the Nanking atrocity happened.

部分日本右翼政客淡化了死亡人数，或直接否认南京大屠杀的发生。

表示“右翼的；右派的”，英文解释为“A right-wing person or group has conservative or capitalist views.”

表示“对…轻描淡写；贬低；低估”，英文解释为“to make something seem less important or less bad than it really is”举个🌰：

The coach is downplaying the team's poor performance.

教练对这个队的拙劣表现不以为然。

也可以说：play sth down：to make something seem less important or less bad than it really is 对…作低调处理；淡化…的重要性（或糟糕程度），举个🌰：

They have played down the significance of the reports.

他们已贬低了这些报告的重要性。

作形容词，表示“完全的，彻底的”，英文解释为“Outright means complete and total.”作副词，表示“彻底，完全；立刻；当场”，举个🌰：

She had failed to win an outright victory.

她没能大获全胜。

atrocity /ə'trɑsəti/ 表示“暴行”，英文解释为“An atrocity is a very cruel, shocking action.”，举个🌰：

The killing was cold-blooded, and those who committed this atrocity should be punished.

这场杀戮非常残酷，那些犯下此暴行的人应该受到惩罚。

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