奥运会裁判是怎么选出来的？

近日，东京奥运会部分裁判“带伤带病”坚持工作的事情引发热议。

例如，33岁首度执法奥运体操赛场的印度裁判 Deepak Kabra，曾在2019年过发表过不寻常的言论：China taking all the Golds. Someone should stops them from a clean sweep...大意就是不能让中国拿走所有金牌。

借此机会，我们就来看看这些裁判员是怎么选出来的？

无注释原文：

How are Olympic judges chosen – and how do we know they're fair?

CBSNEWS

Athletes from 206 countries have congregated in Tokyo to compete in dozens of sports, many of them judged by panels of experts. With judges from around the world – some watching athletes from their own countries – how does the Olympics ensure impartiality in a subjectively judged sport?

The International Olympic Committee, known as the IOC, and the International Sports Federations choose judges. Each sport has its own international federation, which supervises sports at the global level.

FIFA – or Fédération Internationale de Football Association – is the well-known federation that oversees soccer, or football, worldwide. Gymnastics is overseen by the International Gymnastics Federation, or IGF.

These federations are not affiliated with any one country or government and are involved in the organizing of the Olympic Games. They establish the schedule for their sport, the requirements for qualifying, the number of competitors from each country and the number of international technical officials, such as referees, judges, timekeepers, inspectors or juries of appeal.

The federations nominate these officials for their sports and the IOC then approves or rejects their recommendations.

Some Olympic sports, like track, are not subjective. The fastest is the fastest. But for more subjective sports like gymnastics, multiple judges sit on panels and rules try and ensure their impartiality. 

For Olympic gymnastics, two judges sit on the D Panel, which judges difficulty. Five judges sit on the E Panel, which judges execution. So, no one judge is judging a gymnast's performance across the board. 

The highest and lowest execution scores are dropped and the three remaining scores are averaged, as a way to weed out any scores that may be high or low because of a judge's bias.

For diving, judges are chosen by Fédération Internationale De Natation, or FINA, the international federation that oversees water sports. Similarly to gymnastics, seven judges submit their scores for a dive, and then the top two and bottom two scores are eliminated. 

The three remaining scores are added up and multiplied by the degree of difficulty, or DD rating, which measures the difficulty for each type of dive. 

Each sport has its own process of choosing Olympic judges.

All judges, coaches and athletes must also agree to the Olympic oath, which is read during the the opening ceremony, according to the IOC. The oath is about respecting the rules of the game and has been adapted overtime to include things like doping.

"Together we stand in solidarity and commit ourselves to sport without doping, without cheating, without any form of discrimination," the oath reads. 

While there are measures in place to try an ensure impartiality, judges have been unfair before – and suffered the consequences. During the Rio Olympics in 2016, the International Boxing Association sent home an unspecified number of referees and judges.

The association said a review found that "less than a handful of the decisions were not at the level expected," according to CBS Sports.

The review came after Irish boxer Michael Conlan thought he defeated Russia's Vladimir Nikitin, but the officials' decision went 3-0 against him. Conlan accused the Amateur International Boxing Association of being bribed to make the decision.

During the 2000 Winter Games in Salt Lake City, judges were bribed to score figure skaters from Russia and France higher. Russian skating pair Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze won the gold medal – even though they slipped and the Canadian team was virtually flawless. 

French judge Marie-Reine Le Gougne admitted the next day that she had been pressured to vote for the Russians.

Following the scandal, the International Skating Union changed its judging selection rules. Now, there is a large group of judges used and a smaller group of "scoring judges" is then anonymously chosen from that pool. Their scores are the ones then counted.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

How are Olympic judges chosen – and how do we know they're fair?

CBSNEWS

Athletes from 206 countries have congregated in Tokyo to compete in dozens of sports, many of them judged by panels of experts. With judges from around the world – some watching athletes from their own countries – how does the Olympics ensure impartiality in a subjectively judged sport?

来自206个国家的运动员聚集在东京，参加数十个项目的比赛，其中许多项目由专家小组评判。裁判员来自世界各地--有些裁判是看自己国家的运动员比赛--奥运会如何确保主观判断的运动项目的公正性？

表示“聚合，聚集”，英文解释为“When people congregate, they gather together and form a group.”，举个🌰：

Visitors congregated on Sunday afternoons to view public exhibitions.

游客们周日下午聚集起来观看公开展览。

表示“（选定的）专家小组；讨论小组”，英文解释为“a small group of people chosen to give advice, make a decision, or publicly discuss their opinions as entertainment”。

impartiality 作名词，表示“公正，公平；不偏不倚”，impartial 作形容词，表示“公正的；不偏不倚的；中立的”（Someone who is impartial is not directly involved in a particular situation, and is therefore able to give a fair opinion or decision about it.）如：an impartial inquiry 公正的调查。

The International Olympic Committee, known as the IOC, and the International Sports Federations choose judges. Each sport has its own international federation, which supervises sports at the global level.

国际奥林匹克委员会，即国际奥委会，和国际体育联合会都会选择裁判。每项运动都有自己的国际联合会，在全球范围内监督体育运动。

FIFA – or Fédération Internationale de Football Association – is the well-known federation that oversees soccer, or football, worldwide. Gymnastics is overseen by the International Gymnastics Federation, or IGF.

国际足联--或称国际足球协会联合会--是著名的联合会，在全世界范围内对足球进行监督。体操是由国际体操联合会（IGF）监督的。

gymnastics /dʒɪmˈnæstɪks/ 表示“体操”，英文解释为“Gymnastics consists of physical exercises that develop your strength, coordination, and ease of movement.”

These federations are not affiliated with any one country or government and are involved in the organizing of the Olympic Games. They establish the schedule for their sport, the requirements for qualifying, the number of competitors from each country and the number of international technical officials, such as referees, judges, timekeepers, inspectors or juries of appeal.

这些联合会不隶属于任何一个国家或政府，参与奥林匹克运动会的组织工作。他们制定其运动项目的时间表、资格赛的要求、每个国家的参赛人数以及国际技术官员的数量，如裁判、评委、计时员、检查员或仲裁委员会。

affiliate /əˈfɪliət/  作名词，表示“附属机构；分支机构；分公司；分会”，英文解释为“a company, an organization, etc. that is connected with or controlled by another larger one”，如：an affiliate of the university 大学的隶属机构/分支机构。

📍也可以作动词，表示“使并入，使隶属（较大的团体或组织）；使紧密联系”，英文解释为“to cause a group to become part of or form a close relationship with another, usually larger, group, or organization”，如：a college affiliated to Zhejiang University 浙江大学附属学院；举个🌰：

The hospital is affiliated with the local university.

这家医院附属于当地大学。

顺便看下几个“xx附中”怎么说？

📍北京大学附属中学 The Affiliated High School of Peking University

📍清华大学附属中学 Tsinghua University High School

📍中国人民大学附属中学 The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China

📍浙江大学附属中学 The High School Attached to Zhejiang University

1）表示“（使）具有资格，（使）合格”，英文解释为“to successfully finish a training course so that you are able to do a job; to have or achieve the necessary skills, etc.”举个🌰：

She hopes to qualify (as a teacher) at the end of the year.

她希望在年底获得（教师）资格。

🎬电影《合伙人》（The Company Men）中的台词提到：只靠我的薪水我们不可能再成功申请房贷 We're not going to be able to qualify for another house on just my salary.

表示“（竞赛的）裁判团，评判委员会”，英文解释为“a group of people chosen to decide the winner of a competition”。

1）表示“上诉；申诉”，英文解释为“An appeal is a formal request for a decision to be changed.”举个🌰：

They took their appeal to the Supreme Court.

他们上诉到了最高法院。

2）表示“吸引力”，英文解释为“The appeal of something is a quality that people find attractive or interesting.”举个🌰：

Its new title was meant to give the party greater public appeal.

其新的名字意在给予该党更大的公众吸引力。

The federations nominate these officials for their sports and the IOC then approves or rejects their recommendations.

各联合会为其运动项目提名这些官员，然后由国际奥委会批准或拒绝他们的建议。

表示“提名；推荐”，英文解释为“to formally suggest that sb should be chosen for an important role, prize, position, etc.”举个🌰：

He was nominated (as) best actor.

他获得了最佳男演员的提名。

Some Olympic sports, like track, are not subjective. The fastest is the fastest. But for more subjective sports like gymnastics, multiple judges sit on panels and rules try and ensure their impartiality.

一些奥运项目，如田径，是非主观的。最快的就是最快的。但对于像体操这样主观性更强的运动，多位裁判员担任专家小组成员，规则试图确保他们的公正性。

表示“主观的”，英文解释为“influenced by or based on personal beliefs or feelings, rather than based on facts”；

反义词：

📍objective表示“客观的”（based on real facts and not influenced by personal beliefs or feelings）。

熟词僻义，表示“成为（官方组织的）成员；（在…中）任职”，英文解释为“to be a member of an official group”举个🌰：

I'm going to be sitting on the committee for one more year.

我将再任一年的委员会委员。

For Olympic gymnastics, two judges sit on the D Panel, which judges difficulty. Five judges sit on the E Panel, which judges execution. So, no one judge is judging a gymnast's performance across the board.

对于奥运体操，两名裁判组成D组，负责评判难度。E组有五名裁判，负责评判完成情况。因此，没有裁判能够对体操运动员整体表现进行打分。

The highest and lowest execution scores are dropped and the three remaining scores are averaged, as a way to weed out any scores that may be high or low because of a judge's bias.

最高和最低的完成分数将被去掉，剩下的三个分数取平均，以此来剔除任何可能因裁判的偏见而导致的高分或低分。

表示“清除；剔除；淘汰”，英文解释为“to get rid of unwanted things or people from a group”举个🌰：

The first round of interviews only really serves to weed out the very weakest of applicants.

第一轮面试实际上只是要淘汰那些实力最弱的申请者。

🎬电影《美眉校探》（Veronica Mars）中的台词提到：I'm just gonna go out there, see my dad...and help Logan weed out the shysters. 我只是去那儿看我爸爸...并且帮助罗根赶走那些讼棍。

表示“偏见；偏心；偏向”，英文解释为“a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people, or one side in an argument, often not based on fair judgement”举个🌰：

Employers must consider all candidates impartially and without bias.

雇主必须公平而毫无成见地考虑所有求职者。

For diving, judges are chosen by Fédération Internationale De Natation, or FINA, the international federation that oversees water sports. Similarly to gymnastics, seven judges submit their scores for a dive, and then the top two and bottom two scores are eliminated.

对于跳水来说，裁判是由国际泳联（Fédération Internationale De Natation, FINA）挑选的，国际泳联负责监督水上运动。与体操类似，七名裁判为每一次跳水打分，然后去掉前两名和后两名的分数。

1）表示“排除；清除；消除”，英文解释为“to remove or get rid of sth/sb”举个🌰：

Credit cards eliminate the need to carry a lot of cash.

有了信用卡就用不着携带很多现金。

2）表示“（比赛中）淘汰”，英文解释为“to defeat a person or a team so that they no longer take part in a competition, etc.”举个🌰：

All the teams were eliminated in the early stages of the competition.

所有队伍在比赛初期就被淘汰了。

3）表示“消灭，干掉（尤指敌人或对手）”，英文解释为“to kill sb, especially an enemy or opponent”。

The three remaining scores are added up and multiplied by the degree of difficulty, or DD rating, which measures the difficulty for each type of dive.

剩下的三个分数相加，再乘以难度系数（衡量每种跳水的难度）。

Each sport has its own process of choosing Olympic judges.

每个项目都有自己的选择奥运裁判的程序。

All judges, coaches and athletes must also agree to the Olympic oath, which is read during the the opening ceremony, according to the IOC. The oath is about respecting the rules of the game and has been adapted overtime to include things like doping.

根据国际奥委会的规定，所有裁判员、教练员和运动员还必须同意在开幕式上宣读的奥林匹克誓词。誓词是关于尊重比赛规则的，并已被修改为包括兴奋剂等内容。

oath /oʊθ/ 表示“（尤指法庭上的）誓言，誓约，宣誓”，英文解释为“a promise, especially that you will tell the truth in a law court”。

1）可以作动词，也可以作名词，表示“兴奋剂”，英文解释为“a drug that is taken by a person or given to an animal to affect their performance in a race or sport”举个🌰：

The athlete failed a  dope test (= a medical test showed that he had taken such drugs).

这个运动员未能通过药检。

2）表示“麻醉剂，毒品（尤指大麻，在美国尤指海洛因）”，英文解释为“a drug that is taken illegally for pleasure, especially cannabis or, in the US,  heroin.”

"Together we stand in solidarity and commit ourselves to sport without doping, without cheating, without any form of discrimination," the oath reads.

誓词写道：“我们团结一致，致力于体育运动，不使用兴奋剂，不作弊，不存在任何形式的歧视。”

While there are measures in place to try an ensure impartiality, judges have been unfair before – and suffered the consequences. During the Rio Olympics in 2016, the International Boxing Association sent home an unspecified number of referees and judges.

虽然有一些措施试图确保公正性，但裁判以前也有过不公正的行为--并承担了后果。在2016年里约奥运会期间，若干裁判和评委被国际拳击协会遣返。

表示“未说明的；不明确的”，英文解释为“not stated clearly or definitely; not having been specified”举个🌰：

The story takes place at an unspecified date.

故事发生的日期不明。

The association said a review found that "less than a handful of the decisions were not at the level expected," according to CBS Sports.

据CBS体育报道，该协会表示，审查发现，“仅少数裁决未达到预期水平。”

The review came after Irish boxer Michael Conlan thought he defeated Russia's Vladimir Nikitin, but the officials' decision went 3-0 against him. Conlan accused the Amateur International Boxing Association of being bribed to make the decision.

这次审查是在爱尔兰拳击手迈克尔·康兰（Michael Conlan）认为他击败了俄罗斯的弗拉基米尔·尼基丁（Vladimir Nikitin）之后进行的，但官员的裁决对他不利。康兰指责国际业余拳击协会被贿赂以做出这一裁决。

表示“向（某人）行贿；贿赂”，英文解释为“to give sb money or sth valuable in order to persuade them to help you, especially by doing sth dishonest”举个🌰：

They bribed the guards with cigarettes.

他们用香烟贿赂看守。

📍注意不要和bride搞混，bride为名词表示“新娘；即将（或刚刚）结婚的女子”（a woman on her wedding day, or just before or just after it）。

During the 2000 Winter Games in Salt Lake City, judges were bribed to score figure skaters from Russia and France higher. Russian skating pair Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze won the gold medal – even though they slipped and the Canadian team was virtually flawless.

在2000年盐湖城冬季奥运会期间，裁判被贿赂，使俄罗斯和法国的花样滑冰运动员得分更高。俄罗斯滑冰组合伊琳娜·别列日娜娅（Elena Berezhnaya）和安顿·西哈鲁利泽（Anton Sikharulidze）赢得了金牌--尽管他们滑倒了，而加拿大队几乎没有任何瑕疵。

熟词僻义，表示“（冰上表演动作的）花样”，英文解释为“a pattern or series of movements performed on ice”，figure skater表示花样滑冰运动员。

表示“完美的；无瑕的”，英文解释为“perfect or without mistakes”举个🌰：a flawless performance 完美的表演。

French judge Marie-Reine Le Gougne admitted the next day that she had been pressured to vote for the Russians.

法国裁判玛丽·勒古涅（Marie-Reine Le Gougne）在第二天承认，她是在压力下才投给俄罗斯队的。

Following the scandal, the International Skating Union changed its judging selection rules. Now, there is a large group of judges used and a smaller group of "scoring judges" is then anonymously chosen from that pool. Their scores are the ones then counted.

丑闻发生后，国际滑冰联盟改变了其评判选择规则。现在，有一个大的评委组，然后从这个组中匿名选出一个较小的“打分评委”小组。他们的分数才会被计算在内。

anonymous /əˈnɒnɪməs/作形容词，表示“匿名的；不知姓名的；名字不公开的”，英文解释为“made or done by someone whose name is not known or not made public”。

谢谢你看到这里呀

公众号后台对话框里发送：666

参与抽奖（7月30日0点开）

公众号后台对话框里发送：沙发

查看沙发计划，抢沙发拿奖励

公众号后台对话框里发送：打卡

参与每天持续行动打卡计划

- 推荐阅读 -

「才思汇」是什么？

我的2020年度报告

为了这个合集，准备了整整半年。

2000天，我是怎么坚持下来的

写在六周年的话

- END -