什么是“维特效应”？

今天是一个沉重的话题，值得每个人重视。

“维特效应”（Werther Effect），名称来自歌德所著的《少年维特的烦恼》，也叫模仿自杀（Copycat Suicide）、自杀传染（Suicide Contagion）。

Be careful in reporting suicides, suicide contagion is real

By Health Analytics Asia

The “suicide contagion” is real with more than 50 research studies worldwide claiming that certain types of news coverage can increase the likelihood of suicide in vulnerable individuals. Hence, there are a series of guidelines for reporting suicides.

According to the Recommendations for Reporting on Suicide risk of additional suicides increases when the story explicitly describes the suicide method, uses dramatic, graphic headlines or images, and repeated, extensive coverage sensationalises or glamorises a death. Suicide contagion, or “copycat suicide,” occurs when one or more suicides are reported in a way that contributes to another suicide.

It says covering suicide carefully, even briefly, can change public misperceptions and correct myths, which can encourage those who are vulnerable or at risk to seek help.

According to a paper published in National Alliance on Mental Health, the main message of any article, video or TV show about suicide should be to encourage people to get help when they need it and where to look for that help by including local and national hotline numbers or other crisis resources.

The NAMH recommendations are:

◉ Inform, don’t sensationalise

Don’t include suicide in the headline. For example, “Kate Spade Dead at 55.”

Don’t use images of the location or method of death, grieving loved ones, memorials, or funerals; instead use school, work or family photos. If there was a note from the deceased, do not detail what the note contained or refer to it as a “suicide note.”

◉ Choose your words carefully 

When describing research or studies on suicide, use words like “increase” or “rise” rather than “epidemic” or “skyrocketing.” Do not refer to suicide as “successful,” “unsuccessful” or a “failed attempt.” Do not use the term “committed suicide.” Instead, use “died by suicide,” “completed suicide,” “killed him/herself,” or “ended his/her life.” Do not describe suicide as “inexplicable” or “without warning.”

◉ Report on suicide as a public health issue 

Include the warning signs of suicide and a “what to do” sidebar, if possible.

Do not report on suicide the same way you would report a crime. Seek advice from suicide prevention experts rather than quoting/interviewing police or first responders.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

Be careful in reporting suicides, suicide contagion is real

By Health Analytics Asia

The “suicide contagion” is real with more than 50 research studies worldwide claiming that certain types of news coverage can increase the likelihood of suicide in vulnerable individuals. Hence, there are a series of guidelines for reporting suicides.

“自杀传染”是真实存在的，全世界有50多项研究称，某些类型的新闻报道会增加脆弱人群自杀的可能性。因此，这里有一系列的报道自杀事件指南。

1）表示“传染；接触传染”，英文解释为“Contagion is the spreading of a particular disease by someone touching another person who is already affected by the disease.”举个🌰：

They have been reluctant to admit AIDS patients, in part because of unfounded fears of contagion.

他们一直不愿意接收艾滋病人，部分原因是因为毫无根据对传染的恐惧。

2）表示“（不良事物的快速）传播，蔓延，扩散”，英文解释为“something bad that spreads quickly by being passed from person to person”。

🎬电影《普罗米修斯》（Prometheus）中的台词提到：If there's a contagion, we were all exposed. 如果真有传染源 那我们都暴露了。

表示“易受伤的；易受影响（或攻击）的；脆弱的”，英文解释为“able to be easily physically, emotionally, or mentally hurt, influenced, or attacked”举个🌰：

I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on.

一丝不挂地站在那儿，我感觉自己不堪一击。

According to the Recommendations for Reporting on Suicide risk of additional suicides increases when the story explicitly describes the suicide method, uses dramatic, graphic headlines or images, and repeated, extensive coverage sensationalises or glamorises a death. Suicide contagion, or “copycat suicide,” occurs when one or more suicides are reported in a way that contributes to another suicide.

根据《关于报道自杀的建议》，当报道明确描述自杀方法，使用戏剧性的、图形化的标题或图像，以及反复的、大量的报道大肆渲染或美化死亡时，额外的自杀风险就会增加。当报道一起或多起自杀事件以导致另一起自杀事件发生时，自杀传染，或“模仿自杀”就发生了。

sensationalise /sen'seɪʃənəlaɪz/ 同sensationalize，表示“故作耸人听闻地夸张；大肆渲染”，英文解释为“to present information in a way that tries to make it as shocking or exciting as possible”举个🌰：

Local news organizations are being criticized for sensationalizing the story.

当地的新闻机构因对此事大肆渲染而备受指责。

🎬电影《电锯惊魂6》（Saw VI）中的台词提到：Hello, Pamela. You've sensationalized my life, twisting the truth and exploiting my message for your own benefit. 你好 潘梅拉 你炒作我的生活 扭曲事实 谋取一己私利...

glamorise /'ɡlæməraiz/ 同glamorize，表示“美化；使有魅力；使有刺激性”，英文解释为“If someone glamorizes something, they make it look or seem more attractive than it really is, especially in a film, book, or programme.”举个🌰：

Television tends to glamorize violence.

电视往往美化暴力。

🎬电影《冲出康普顿》（Straight Outta Compton）中的台词提到：but your songs, they glamorizethe lifestyle of gangs, guns, drugs. 但你们的歌曲 都在歌颂帮派、枪和毒品，

📍类似的还有glorify:

表示“吹捧；吹嘘；美化”，英文解释为“to make sth seem better or more important than it really is”举个🌰：

He denies that the movie glorifies violence.

他否认这部影片美化暴力。

📺美剧《超感猎杀》（Sense8）中的台词提到：Movies like what? - Movies that glorify violence. 哪类电影? - 那种美化宣扬暴力的电影

1）作形容词，表示“模仿的，仿效的；抄袭的”，英文解释为“done or made to be very similar to something else”举个🌰：

At the market you can buy affordable copycat (= very similar) versions of expensive perfumes. 你可以在市场上买到廉价的冒牌昂贵香水。

2）作形容词，表示“（犯罪）模仿性的；受其他犯罪影响的”，英文解释为“A copycat crime is believed to have been influenced by another, often famous, crime because it is so similar.”如：copycat murders 模仿性凶杀。

3）作名词，表示“（指缺乏主见的）模仿者；好跟人学的人；抄袭者”，英文解释为“someone who has few ideas of their own and does or says exactly the same as someone else”，举个🌰：

You're just a copycat!

你只会学别人！

📺美剧《犯罪心理》（Criminal minds）中的台词提到：All the other copycat murders occurred in the same area 其它所有模仿凶杀案都和原凶杀案发生在同一地点。

It says covering suicide carefully, even briefly, can change public misperceptions and correct myths, which can encourage those who are vulnerable or at risk to seek help.

建议上说，谨慎地报道自杀，即使是简短的报道，也能够改变公众的误解，并纠正神话，这可以鼓励那些脆弱或处于危险中的人寻求帮助。

表示“误解；错误想法”，英文解释为“A misperception is an idea or impression that is not correct.”举个🌰：

There's a misperception that LR is a girl.

有这样一种误解，即认为LR是个女孩。

📺美剧《24小时》（24 Hours）中的台词提到：He said the best way to dispel public misperception is to address it directly. 他说过打消公众疑虑的最好办法 就是直面公众 坦诚相告。

According to a paper published in National Alliance on Mental Health, the main message of any article, video or TV show about suicide should be to encourage people to get help when they need it and where to look for that help by including local and national hotline numbers or other crisis resources.

根据美国国家心理健康联盟（National Alliance on Mental Health）发表的一篇文章，任何关于自杀的文章、视频或电视节目的主要信息都应该是鼓励人们在需要的时候得到帮助，以及在哪里寻找帮助，包括当地和全国热线号码或其他应急资料。

除了“资源；财力”，resource1）还可解释为“有助于实现目标的东西；资料”，英文解释为“something that can be used to help achieve an aim, especially a book, equipment, etc. that provides information for teachers and students”举个🌰：

Time is your most valuable resource, especially in examinations.

时间是你最有价值的帮手，尤其是在考试中。

2）通常复数，表示“勇气；才智；谋略；机敏；足智多谋”（personal qualities such as courage and imagination that help you deal with difficult situations）

He has no inner resources and hates being alone.

他没有什么内在精神寄托，因而害怕独处。

He can't cope with difficult situations on his own - he has no inner resources.

他不能独力应付困难局面——他心理素质很差。

📍have inner resources：to have the ability to help yourself manage or achieve something 拥有内在素质；具有内在力量；具有精神力量

The NAMH recommendations are:

美国国家心理健康联盟的建议如下：

◉ Inform, don't sensationalise

提供信息，不要耸人听闻

Don't include suicide in the headline. For example, “Kate Spade Dead at 55.”

不要把自杀写在标题里。例如，“凯特·斯佩德（Kate Spade）去世，享年55岁”。

Don't use images of the location or method of death, grieving loved ones, memorials, or funerals; instead use school, work or family photos. If there was a note from the deceased, do not detail what the note contained or refer to it as a “suicide note.”

不要使用去世地点或方法、悲伤的亲人、追悼会或葬礼的图片，而是使用学校、工作或家庭照片。如果有逝者的遗书，不要详细说明遗书的内容，也不要将其称为 “自杀遗书”。

表示“（因某人去世而）悲痛的，伤心的，悲伤的”，英文解释为“feeling very sad because someone has died”如：grieving relatives 悲痛的亲属们。

deceased /dɪˈsiːst/ 表示“死去了的；已死的；亡故的”，英文解释为“A deceased person is one who has recently died.”如：her deceased friend 她已故的朋友。

作动词，表示“详细列举；详细说明”，英文解释为“If you detail things, you list them or give information about them.”举个🌰：

The brochure details all the hotels in the area and their facilities.

这本小册子详细介绍了当地所有旅馆及其设施。

◉ Choose your words carefully

慎重选择用词

When describing research or studies on suicide, use words like “increase” or “rise” rather than “epidemic” or “skyrocketing.” Do not refer to suicide as “successful,” “unsuccessful” or a “failed attempt.” Do not use the term “committed suicide.” Instead, use “died by suicide,” “completed suicide,” “killed him/herself,” or “ended his/her life.” Do not describe suicide as “inexplicable” or “without warning.”

在描述关于自杀的调查或研究时，使用“increase（增加）”或“rise（上升）”等词，而不是“epidemic（流行）”或“skyrocketing（猛增）”。不要将自杀称为“successful（成功）”、“unsuccessful（不成功）”或“failed attempt（失败的尝试）”。不要使用“committed suicide”一词。相反，请使用“died by suicide”、“completed suicide”、“killed him/herself”或“ended his/her life”。不要用“inexplicable（莫名其妙）”或“without warning（毫无征兆）”来形容自杀。

1）作名词，表示“流行病”，英文解释为“a large number of cases of a particular disease happening at the same time in a particular community”，如：the outbreak of a flu epidemic 流感的爆发。

另一个常见的：

📍pandemic表示“（全国或全球性）流行病；大流行病”，英文解释为“a disease that spreads over a whole country or the whole world ”。

2）作名词，表示“（迅速的）泛滥，蔓延”（a sudden rapid increase in how often sth bad happens），如：an epidemic of crime in the inner cities 市内中心区犯罪活动盛行。

动词，表示“剧增；猛涨”，英文解释为“If prices or amounts skyrocket, they suddenly increase by a very large amount.”如：the skyrocketing costs of health care 暴涨的医疗费用。

🎬电影《人类清除计划》（The Purge）中的台词提到：A skyrocketing debt, multiple wars and a significant dollar devaluation... 快速攀升的债务 多场战争 美元贬值…

inexplicable /ˌɪnɪkˈsplɪkəbəl/ 表示“费解的；无法解释的”，英文解释为“that cannot be understood or explained”举个🌰：

His behaviour was extraordinary and inexplicable.

他的行为离奇且令人费解。

◉ Report on suicide as a public health issue

将自杀作为公共卫生问题报道

Include the warning signs of suicide and a “what to do” sidebar, if possible.

如果可能的话，加入自杀的警告标志和“该怎么做”的补充报道。

1）表示“（主要新闻报道的）补充报道”，英文解释为“a box or narrow area on a newspaper or magazine page that contains a short news story or extra information relating to a longer main story”；

2）表示“（网页上的）侧边栏”，英文解释为“a narrow area at the side of a page on a website, giving extra information or links”。

Do not report on suicide the same way you would report a crime. Seek advice from suicide prevention experts rather than quoting/interviewing police or first responders.

不要用报道犯罪的方式报道自杀事件。向预防自杀专家寻求建议，而不是引用/采访警察或急救人员。

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