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 Review

Physiological mechanism underlying spikelet degeneration in rice

水稻颖花退化的生理机制

WANG Zhi-qin, ZHANG Wei-yang, YANG Jian-chang

本文以水稻为例并以激素调控作用为重点，概述了颖花退化的生理机制。目前对于颖花退化有几种假设，如源限制、自组织过程和早生优势等，但这些假设均缺乏有说服力的证据。植物激素包括生长素、细胞分裂素，赤霉素，脱落酸和乙烯对谷类作物的颖花退化有调控作用，新型植物激素油菜素甾醇和多胺可以抑制水稻颖花的退化。激素之间的相互作用对于调控颖花退化可能更加重要。然而，有关激素间相互作用调控颖花退化的知识非常有限。一些农艺措施，特别是适当的水分和氮肥管理可以减少颖花退化，但其机理不清楚。今后需要进一步研究：各激素调控颖花退化的相互关系；激素及其相互作用调控颖花退化的生理与分子机理；减少颖花退化的途径及其调控原理。

WANG Zhi-qin, ZHANG Wei-yang, YANG Jian-chang. 2018. Physiological mechanism underlying spikelet degeneration in rice. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1475-1481.

Special Focus:  Regularity of population occurrence and migration in the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker)

Editorial

JIANG Xing-fu

粘虫是一种典型的远距离迁飞害虫。随着全球变化以及我国农作物结构调整，粘虫在我国发生与迁飞规律出现新的变化。本专题主要报道5个方面内容：1）昆虫迁飞行为的多样性；2）不同温度下淡脉粘虫（Mythimna roseilinea）年龄-发育期两性种群生命表的构建；3）粘虫远距离迁飞的蜜源植物种类鉴定及其致灾作用、华北粘虫迁飞虫源轨迹分析；4）寄主植物、杂草和温度等环境条件对粘虫种群增长的影响；5）粘虫田间种群抗药性。

Sappington教授以欧洲玉米螟为例，详细综述了常年发生在高纬度地区的昆虫远距离扩散实际上是也是一种迁飞行为，从而丰富了我们对昆虫迁飞多样性的认识。秦建洋等利用两性种群生命表揭示了粘虫近缘种淡脉粘虫种群生长发育与繁殖的温度效应，有助于我们对粘虫近缘种发生的监测预报与针对性治理。郭培等鉴定了华北地区粘虫迁飞过程中携带的夏季蜜源植物种类及其在粘虫大发生中的作用。张智等进一步通过轨迹分析法回推了我国华北地区首次出现的粘虫虫源是来自安徽、江苏和湖北等江淮一代粘虫发生区，从而阐明了华北粘虫迁飞致灾的途径与关键因素。李伯辽、张坤朋和赵玉玉分别从栖息地温度、寄主植物、杂草等环境与粘虫大发生的关系进行了分析，并对陕西粘虫种群的抗药性进行了监测。明确了适宜的温度、较弱的寄主植物长势以及杂草丛生环境有利于粘虫种群发生危害，陕西地区部分粘虫种群对毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯和辛硫磷产生了一定程度的抗药性。

衷心地希望读者能从以上粘虫发生、迁飞规律以及抗药性的研究进展中获得有用的信息，为粘虫早期监测预警与防控提供理论与技术支撑。也感谢国家公益性行业科研专项（201403031）对本专题的资助以及所有作者为本专题做出的努力。

Cite this article:   

JIANG Xing-fu. 2018. Editorial-Regularity of population occurrence and migration in the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1482-1484.

Migratory flight of insect pests within a year-round distribution: European corn borer as a case study

Thomas W. Sappington

Insect migratory flight differs fundamentally from most other kinds of flight behavior, in that it is non-appetitive. The adult is not searching for anything, and migratory flight is not terminated by encounters with potential resources. Many insect pests of agricultural crops are long-distance migrants, moving from lower latitudes where they overwinter to higher latitudes in the spring to exploit superabundant, but seasonally ephemeral, host crops. The migratory nature of these pests is somewhat easy to recognize because of their sudden appearance in areas where they had been absent only a day or two earlier. Many other serious pests survive hostile winter conditions by diapausing, and therefore do not require migration to move between overwintering and breeding ranges. Yet there is evidence of migratory behavior engaged in by several pest species that inhabit high latitudes year-round. In these cases, the consequences of migratory flight are not immediately noticeable at the population level, because migration takes place for the most part within their larger year-round distribution. Nevertheless, the potential population-level consequences can be quite important in the contexts of pest management and insect resistance management. As a case study, I review the evidence for migratory flight behavior by individual European corn borer adults, and discuss the importance of understanding it. The kind of migratory behavior posited for pest species inhabiting a permanent distribution may be more common than we realize.

Thomas W. Sappington, 2018. Migratory flight of insect pests within a year-round distribution: European corn borer as a case study. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17 (07): 1485-1506.

Effects of temperatures on the development and reproduction of the armyworm, Mythimna roseilinea: Analysis using an age-stage, two-sex life table 

利用年龄-阶段两性种群生命表分析温度对淡脉粘虫生长发育和生殖影响

QIN Jian-yang, LIU Yue-qiu, ZHANG Lei, CHENG Yun-xia, LUO Li-zhi, JIANG Xing-fu

本文利用年龄-阶段两性种群生命表研究了实验室不同温度（18、21、24、27、30℃）条件下淡脉粘虫生长发育和种群增长的关系。21℃下，净增值率最大；24℃下，种群繁殖力最大；内禀增长率和周限增长率均随着温度的升高而增大而平均世代周期随温度的升高而降低。淡脉粘虫在18-30℃范围内都能完成生长发育和生殖并产生后代。各虫态的发育速率包括卵、幼虫、蛹产卵前成虫和整个世代与温度呈线性相关，相应的发育起点温度分别为13.29、8.39、14.35、7.42和12.24℃，有效积温分别为63.59、445.00、211.11、89.02和698.95日度。这些结果为了解淡脉粘虫基于温度的物候学和种群生态学奠定了基础，从而为其种群动态预测和综合防治提供依据。

Cite this article:   

QIN Jian-yang, LIU Yue-qiu, ZHANG Lei, CHENG Yun-xia, LUO Li-zhi, JIANG Xing-fu. 2018. Effects of temperatures on the development and reproduction of the armyworm, Mythimna roseilinea: Analysis using an age-stage, two-sex life table. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1506-1515.

Identification of summer nectar plants contributing to outbreaks of Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in North China

华北黏虫爆发诱因--夏季蜜源植物的鉴别

GUO Pei, WANG Gao-ping, JIN Li-jie, FAN Xing-qi, HE Han-lin, ZHOU Pei-wen, GUO Xian-ru, LI Wei-zheng, YUAN Guo-hui

研究得到了黏虫成虫与蜜源关系5个方面的结果：（1）2014和2015年的野外调查发现，主要蜜源植物荆条昼夜开花，其花期与黏虫成虫夏季迁飞高峰期吻合，夜间观察到该植物附近飞行和其上停歇的粘虫成虫。（2）对成虫喙管粘附的花粉进行了电镜扫描鉴别，从虫情测报灯（黑光灯）（2015、2016）、高空测报灯（2016）和性信息素（2015、2016）诱捕器分别获取粘虫成虫369头、557头和311头，花粉检出率分别为15.4%、17.1%和24.4%，合计1237头成虫中有228头成虫的喙管有花粉，59.65%、27.19%和4.39%的成虫分别携带香椿、女贞和丁香花粉，检测出的14种花粉中：鉴定到属、种的花粉种类数分别为10、3，1种未定。（3）根据花粉鉴别结果综合分析了相应蜜源植物的地理分布、花期和丰度，认为香椿和女贞是粘虫重要的夏季补充营养蜜源植物。（4）卵巢发育I、II、III级且携带香椿花粉的雌蛾数量分别为14头、15头和10头，粘虫喙上有许多香椿花粉。（5）黑光灯诱捕的粘虫雌蛾中，卵巢V级的比例最高（35.2%）；而高空测报灯诱捕的粘虫雌蛾中，卵巢I级比例最高（43.5%），II级、III级、IV级的比例渐次降低。综合5方面结果认为：香椿是重要的、适合黏虫补充营养的夏季蜜源植物，可以影响成虫的迁飞和繁殖、有利于其爆发危害。高空测报灯最适合用于粘虫远距离迁飞的监测。女贞、丁香对黏虫的重要性需要进一步研究。讨论了野外调查和花粉分析法评判荆条重要性时结果不同的可能原因。

Cite this article:   

Pei-wen, WANG Gao-ping, JIN Li-jie, FAN Xing-qi, HE Han-lin, ZHOU Pei-wen, GUO Xian-ru, LI Wei-zheng, YUAN Guo-hui. 2018. Identification of summer nectar plants contributing to outbreaks of Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in North China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1516-1526.

Analysis on the migration of first-generation Mythimna separata (Walker) in China in 2013

2013年我国一代粘虫迁飞过程分析

ZHANG Zhi, ZHANG Yun-hui, WANG Jian, LIU Jie, TANG Qing-bo, LI Xiang-rui, CHENG Deng-fa, ZHU Xun

研究结果表明，2013年，华北北部迁飞粘虫数量非常大，延庆高空探照灯累计诱蛾量达250 000头，单日诱蛾量最高达86 000头。在迁飞高峰期间，大部分迁飞个体在00:00途径延庆监测点。各地性比结果都大于1，且性比会随着种群波动而不断变化。粘虫到达华北北部时，盛行下沉气流有利于粘虫被动降落。轨迹分析表明，迁飞个体来自安徽、江苏、湖北等地，大部分个体可以继续向北迁飞。今后，在中小尺度上，可以综合利用WRF模型的结果，对粘虫降落概率进行更加准确的判断，为相关防治提供决策信息。

Cite this article:   

ZHANG Zhi, ZHANG Yun-hui, WANG Jian, LIU Jie, TANG Qing-bo, LI Xiang-rui, CHENG Deng-fa, ZHU Xun. 2018. Analysis on the migration of first-generation Mythimna separata (Walker) in China in 2013. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1527-1537

Association of host plant growth and weed occurrence with armyworm (Mythimna separata) damage in corn fields

三代黏虫大发生与玉米长势和田间杂草的关系

ZHANG Kun-peng, YU Zhi-hao, JIANG Shi-xiong, SUN De-wen, HUI Jun-tao, ZHENG Yu-liang, LI Xiao-zhen, WANG Xing-yun, WU Jun-xiang

三代黏虫的发生危害与玉米生长状况和田间草害存在密切的关系，为了进一步分析其原因，本研究选择玉米黏虫猖獗发生的陕西省作为调查田块进行展开，结果发现玉米长势和田间草害情况与玉米黏虫的发生危害程度之间具有显著的相关关系，玉米长势差、草害严重的田块，黏虫发生危害就重；玉米长势好，草害轻的田块，黏虫发生危害就轻。因此，玉米生长状况和杂草密度可以显着影响粘虫的发生危害情况。由此可见，促进玉米植株健壮生长，及时清除田间杂草，有利于减轻黏虫的发生危害。

Cite this article:   

ZHANG Kun-peng, YU Zhi-hao, JIANG Shi-xiong, SUN De-wen, HUI Jun-tao, ZHENG Yu-liang, LI Xiao-zhen, WANG Xing-yun, WU Jun-xiang. 2018. Association of host plant growth and weed occurrence with armyworm (Mythimna separata) damage in corn fields. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1538-1544.

Effects of constant and stage-specific-alternating temperature on the survival, development and reproduction of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

恒温和特定发育阶段变温对于东方粘虫生存、发育、繁殖的影响

LI Bo-liao, XU Xiang-li, JI Jia-yue, WU Jun-xiang

本研究设置了3个恒温（20，25，30℃）和3个蛹期变温（20-25，25-20，25-30℃），通过年龄-发育阶段两性生命表分析，探究温度和东亚地区重要的粮食作物迁飞害虫——东方粘虫种群发展的关系。25℃是其最适温度，20℃是低适温，30℃是高温。20℃和20-25℃时3龄前幼虫存活率相对较低，分别为63.0%和70.1%；30℃下蛹期存活率极低，仅20.6%。每一个发育阶段的历期长度大致和温度负相关。成虫产卵前期（APOP）是大部分迁飞昆虫启动迁飞的时期。25℃时APOP最短（2.69 d），低适温（20℃下APOP为7.48 d，20-25℃为6.91 d，25-20℃为4.57 d）或高温（25-30℃时APOP为3.74 d，30℃为5.00 d）均延长APOP,并降低东方粘虫单雌产卵量、种群净增殖率和内禀增长率，降低的程度与经历非最适温度的时间长度和所处的发育阶段有关。本研究有助于加深变温和东方粘虫种群发展，以及变温和复杂环境中东方粘虫适应策略之间关系的理解。

Cite this article:   

LI Bo-liao, XU Xiang-li, JI Jia-yue, WU Jun-xiang. 2018. Effects of constant and stage-specific-alternating temperature on the survival, development and reproduction of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1545-1555.

Insecticide resistance of the field populations of oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces of China

陕晋两省粘虫田间种群的抗药性

ZHAO Yu-yu, SU Li, LI Shuai, LI Yi-ping, XU Xiang-li, CHENG Wei-ning, WANG Yi, WU Jun-xiang

采用浸叶法在室内测定了陕西和山西5个地区粘虫田间种群对6种常用杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明：5个地区粘虫种群对甲维盐均表现为敏感（抗性倍数为0.583～1.583倍）；对氯虫苯甲酰胺和高效氯氰菊酯为敏感至低水平抗性；对高效氯氟氰菊酯和毒死蜱为敏感至中等水平抗性；除三原种群对辛硫磷敏感外，其他4个地区均表现为中等至高水平抗性（19.367～70.100倍）。药剂毒力相关性分析结果表明，粘虫对毒死蜱和甲维盐的抗性之间存在显著相关性，氯虫苯甲酰胺与甲维盐、毒死蜱、辛硫磷之间不存在明显的交互抗性。因此陕西和山西地区的粘虫防治推荐使用甲维盐、氯虫苯甲酰胺和高效氯氰菊酯。同时应该注意将氯虫苯甲酰胺和甲维盐、毒死蜱等交替轮换使用，以延缓抗药性的产生和发展。

Cite this article:   

ZHAO Yu-yu, SU Li, LI Shuai, LI Yi-ping, XU Xiang-li, CHENG Wei-ning, WANG Yi, WU Jun-xiang. 2018. Insecticide resistance of the field populations of oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces of China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1556-1562.

Crop Science

Identification of QTLs associated with cadmium concentration in rice grains

水稻籽粒镉积累相关QTL的鉴定

HU Da-wei, SHENG Zhong-hua, LI Qian-long, CHEN Wei, WEI Xiang-jin, XIE Li-hong, JIAO Gui-ai, SHAO Gao-neng, WANG Jian-long, TANG Shao-qing, HU Pei-song

本研究利用早籼稻品种中嘉早17与热带粳稻品种D50构建的单倍-双倍体（DH）群体鉴定糙米和精米中与重金属镉含量相关的QTL。在该DH群体中，糙米和精米中的镉含量表现出连续的、广泛的变异分布。相关性分析表明，糙米镉含量与精米镉含量存在极显著的正相关。QTL检测结果表明，在5种不同的盆栽和大田移栽试验条件下，总共检测到18个糙米镉含量相关的QTL，14个精米镉含量相关的QTL。2对糙米镉含量QTL（qCCBR2-1与qCCBR2-2, qCCBR9-1与qCCBR9-2）和1对精米镉含量QTL（qCCMR5-1与qCCMR5-2）在不同的试验环境条件下被重复检测到。糙米镉含量QTL qCCBR2-1/qCCBR2-2与qCCBR9-1/qCCBR9-2，其增加糙米镉含量的等位增效基因分别来自中嘉早17和D50，而D50的增效等位基因在QTL qCCMR5-1/qCCMR5-2能增加精米镉含量。8对有关糙米镉含量与精米镉含量的QTL（qCCBR2-2与qCCMR2-2, qCCBR3与qCCMR3, qCCBR4-2与qCCMR4-1, qCCBR4-3与qCCMR4-2, qCCBR4-4 与 qCCMR4-3, qCCBR5与qCCMR5-2, qCCBR7与qCCMR7, qCCBR11-1与qCCMR11-2）分别共定位于第2，3，4，5，7，11染色体上的同一位置。以上所定位到的QTL，除qCCBR5/qCCMR5-2外，其加性效应均来自亲本中嘉早17。此外，4个精米镉含量QTL表现出显著的加性效应与环境互作，以及2对精米镉含量QTL表现出双等位性显性互作。本研究结果有利于利用标记辅助选择选育籽粒镉低积累的安全性高的水稻新品种。

Cite this article:   

HU Da-wei, SHENG Zhong-hua, LI Qian-long, CHEN Wei, WEI Xiang-jin, XIE Li-hong, JIAO Gui-ai, SHAO Gao-neng, WANG Jian-long, TANG Shao-qing, HU Pei-song. 2018. Identification of QTLs associated with cadmium concentration in rice grains. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1563-1573.

Unravelling transcriptome changes between two distinct maize inbred lines using RNA-seq

利用RNA-seq方法揭示两个差异显著的玉米自交系间籽粒转录组的变化

ZHOU Yu-qian, WANG Qin-yang, ZHAO Hai-liang, GONG Dian-ming, SUN Chuan-long, REN Xue-mei, LIU Zhong-xiang, HE Hai-jun, QIU Fa-zhan

本研究选取两个粒型差异极显著的玉米自交系V671（大粒）和Mc（小粒）为材料，对其授粉后14天的籽粒进行RNA-seq分析。分析结果表明，大粒自交系V671在授粉后14天具有较强的DNA合成活性，而小粒自交系Mc则具有较高的营养物质积累活性。粒宽在籽粒发育不同时期的动态变化表明，与Mc相比，V671粒宽快速增长时期出现较晚，但其粒宽增长的持续时间及增长速率均高于Mc。籽粒贮藏蛋白的SDS-PAGE分析、细胞周期相关基因和IAA合成相关基因的表达分析结果均表明，在同一时间授粉后，小粒自交系Mc籽粒发育从细胞分裂向贮藏物质的转化起始时间早于V671。综合转录组的变化结果及相关途径中基因表达分析结果，推测授粉后籽粒发育过程中细胞分裂向贮藏物质转化时间的差异是导致V671籽粒大于Mc的重要原因。

Cite this article:   

ZHOU Yu-qian, WANG Qin-yang, ZHAO Hai-liang, GONG Dian-ming, SUN Chuan-long, REN Xue-mei, LIU Zhong-xiang, HE Hai-jun, QIU Fa-zhan. 2018. Unravelling transcriptome changes between two distinct maize inbred lines using RNA-seq. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1574-1584.

Genetic analysis of the maximum germination distance of Striga under Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae biocontrol in sorghum

Emmanuel Mrema, Hussein Shimelis, Mark Laing, Learnmore Mwadzingeni

The objective of this study was to determine gene action influencing MGD of Striga hermonthica and Striga asiatica among selected sorghum lines treated with a biocontrol agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae (FOS) for effective breeding with Striga resistance, and FOS compatibility. Twelve sorghum genotypes were selected based on their Striga resistance, FOS compatibility, and superior agronomic performance. Selected genotypes were crossed using a bi-parental mating design to generate six families for genetic analysis. Agar-gel assays were used to determine low haustorium initiation factor (LHF) using the 12 parental lines, their F₁ progenies, backcross derivatives, and F₂ segregants in two sets. One set had S. hermonthica seed and the other one had S. asiatica seed. Both were treated with and without FOS. Genotypes were evaluated using a split-plot design with three replications and MGD data were recorded followed by generation mean analysis. FOS reduced MGD by 1 cm under both S. hermonthica and S. asiatica infestations. Additive, dominance, and epistatic gene actions were involved in the control of MGD of the two Striga species in the evaluated populations. On average, the relative contribution of additive, additive×additive and dominance×dominance genetic effects on the MGD of S. hermonthica and S. asiatica, with FOS, were 20, 33, and 36%; and 21, 32, and 35%, respectively. Breeding methods exploiting these genetic effects may provide enhanced response to selection for Striga resistance and FOS compatibility in integrated Striga management (ISM) programmes. 

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Emmanuel Mrema, Hussein Shimelis, Mark Laing, Learnmore Mwadzingeni. 2018. Genetic analysis of the maximum germination distance of Striga under Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae biocontrol in sorghum. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1585-1593.

Effect of shade stress on lignin biosynthesis in soybean stems

荫蔽胁迫对大豆茎秆木质素合成的影响

LIU Wei-guo, REN Meng-lu, LIU Ting, DU Yong-li, ZHOU Tao, LIU Xiao-ming, LIU Jiang, Sajad Hussain, YANG Wen-yu

为了探明荫蔽胁迫对大豆茎秆木质素生物合成的影响，本文采用南12（耐荫型）和南032-4（荫蔽敏感型）两个大豆材料，在正常光和荫蔽胁迫（有效光合辐射和红光：远红光比值均比正常光照低）两种光环境下生长，对其茎秆中的木质素含量、参与木质素合成的基因表达和木质素合成前体物质进行分析。结果表明，荫蔽胁迫使两大豆材料的株高和节间长度增加，茎粗和木质素含量降低。木质素合成相关基因的表达不但受荫蔽胁迫的影响，还受光环境与大豆材料交互作用的影响。在荫蔽胁迫下，大豆茎秆中编码香豆酸-3-羟化酶(C3H)、肉桂酰辅A还原酶(CCR)、咖啡酰辅酶A-O-甲基转移酶 (CCoAOMT)和过氧化物酶(POD) 等4个木质素合成关键酶的基因表达下调，引起咖啡酸、阿魏酸、芥子酸3个木质素合成前体物质含量降低，导致大豆茎秆中木质素含量的下降。与荫蔽敏感型材料相比，南豆12在荫蔽胁迫下茎秆较硬，木质素含量高，基因表达量大，合成前体物质多，耐荫性强。以上特征可以作为间套作专用耐荫材料的筛选指标加以应用。

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LIU Wei-guo, REN Meng-lu, LIU Ting, DU Yong-li, ZHOU Tao, LIU Xiao-ming, LIU Jiang, Sajad Hussain, YANG Wen-yu. 2018. Effect of shade stress on lignin biosynthesis in soybean stems. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1594-1604.

Studying the physiological and yield responses of sunflower inbred lines to full and limited irrigation

Nasserghadimi Farshad, Jahanbakhsh Soodabeh, Ghaffari Mehdi, Ebadi Ali

In order to study the physiological and yield responses of sunflower inbred lines to full and limited irrigation, an experiment was conducted in the growing season of 2014–2015 in the research field of the Agricultural Research Station in Khoi, Iran. Water withholding was imposed in the flowering stages from R4 (initial flowering) to R6 (full flowering). The results showed that the main effect of irrigation and inbred lines and the interaction effect between irrigation and inbred lines in terms of the proline and protein contents, the catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities, and seed yield in all inbred lines, and relative water content (RWC) were significant at 1% level. Water withholding in the flowering stage increased the proline content and the catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities, whereas limited irrigation decreased the protein content and seed yield in all inbred lines and RWC. The lowest protein content and the highest catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities were observed in BGK 39 under limited irrigation condition, while BGK 37 revealed the highest proline content in such circumstances. The highest seed yield was seen in BGK 1 and BGK 375 in full irrigation condition. Limited irrigation increased the proline content by 49.51%, compared to that of full irrigation condition. 

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Nasserghadimi Farshad, Jahanbakhsh Soodabeh, Ghaffari Mehdi, Ebadi Ali. 2018. Studying the physiological and yield responses of sunflower inbred lines to full and limited irrigation. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1605-1611.

Horticulture

An EMS mutant library for cucumber

EMS诱变的黄瓜突变体库

CHEN Chen, CUI Qing-zhi, HUANG San-wen, WANG Shen-hao, LIU Xiao-hong, LU Xiang-yang, CHEN Hui-ming, TIAN Yun

本文以华北生态型黄瓜自交系“406”为材料，通过采用EMS诱变技术构建黄瓜突变体库，结果表明，适合于黄瓜“406”突变体库构建的EMS诱变方法为1.5%的EMS处理12 h，经M₁、M₂和M₃等多代性状调查，获得了一批株型、叶片、花器官、果实以及其他性状的突变体材料。通过构建和分析F₂分离群体，发现一个瓜短突变体和一个瓜皮黄绿突变体都受到单隐性基因的控制。这些研究结果为黄瓜的遗传改良以及功能基因组学研究提供了大量宝贵种质资源材料。

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CHEN Chen, CUI Qing-zhi, HUANG San-wen, WANG Shen-hao, LIU Xiao-hong, LU Xiang-yang, CHEN Hui-ming, TIAN Yun. 2018. An EMS mutant library for cucumber. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1612-1619.

Effects of leaf removal and cluster thinning on berry quality of Vitis vinifera cultivars in the region of Weibei Dryland in China

摘叶和疏穗对中国渭北旱塬酿酒葡萄果实品质的影响

SONG Chang-zheng, WANG Chao, XIE Sha, ZHANG Zhen-wen

本试验于2013和2014年在中国渭北旱塬对两个酿酒葡萄品种赤霞珠和白玉霓进行转色期前摘叶和疏穗处理，以研究对葡萄果实品质的影响。结果表明摘叶和疏穗对两个葡萄品种的还原糖无显著影响，但可以降低果实总酸含量，相应提高了果汁pH。同时，摘叶和疏穗处理对两个品种果实的总酚、单宁和赤霞珠果实的总花色苷积累均有促进作用。摘叶和疏穗降低了果皮中二甲花翠素及其衍生物的比例。此外，肉桂酰化花色苷的含量随疏穗程度增大而降低。非花色苷酚类物质在两个品种受各处理的影响相似，疏穗对非花色苷酚积累的促进作用高于摘叶处理。中等水平的摘叶和疏穗对酚酸类物质的积累最为显著。疏穗可以显著提高黄烷醇和芪类物质的含量。摘叶和疏穗对赤霞珠和白玉霓果实香气化合物的含量和种类也具有显著影响。本研究对结合摘叶和疏穗以提高葡萄及葡萄酒品质提供了理论依据。

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SONG Chang-zheng, WANG Chao, XIE Sha, ZHANG Zhen-wen. 2018. Effects of leaf removal and cluster thinning on berry quality of Vitis vinifera cultivars in the region of Weibei Dryland in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1620-1630.

Light shading improves the yield and quality of seed in oil-seed peony (Paeonia ostii Feng Dan)

HAN Chen-jing, WANG Qi, ZHANG Hong-bao, WANG Shou-hai, SONG Hua-dong, HAO Jian-mei, DONG He-zhong

The objective of this study was to determine if appropriate shading improves yield and quality of seed in oilseed peony. In this study, oilseed peony trees were shaded by different density polyethylene nets from four weeks after flowering to harvest stages to form light, moderate, and severe shadings, equivalent to about 80, 40, and 20% of full solar exposure, respectively. The effects of different shadings on some physiological parameters, yield and yield components, and nutritional composition of seed were examined. Averaged across two years, light shading increased the actual net photosynthetic rate (P_n) by 16.8%, the maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_max) by 81.4%, chlorophyll (Chl) content by 52.8%, auxin (IAA) content by 38.1%, and gibberellic acid (GA₃) content in leaves by 6.3%; it decreased the accumulation of H₂O₂ in leaves by 24.8%, malondialdehyde (MDA) by 22%, and endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) by 8.8%, indicating that leaf senescence in late season was considerably delayed. Light shading increased seed yield, and contents of crude fat and unsaturated fatty acids by 9.7, 5.6, and 9.6%, respectively, while moderate or severe shading significantly reduced all the three parameters. Light shading increased seed weight, but moderate or severe shading reduced seed weight or follicle density. The improved seed yield under light shading was mainly due to increased seed weight, while the reduced seed yield under moderate or severe shading was mainly attributed to reduce follicle density and seed weight. The improved seed weight and content of unsaturated fatty acids under light shading was possibly due to the delayed leaf senescence. The overall results indicated that light shading is beneficial to yield and quality parameters of seed in oilseed peony. Cultivating oilseed peony under a light shading environments such as partially closed forests would better increase total output and income per unit land area than that under full solar exposure.

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HAN Chen-jing, WANG Qi, ZHANG Hong-bao, WANG Shou-hai, SONG Hua-dong, HAO Jian-mei, DONG He-zhong. 2018. Light shading improves the yield and quality of seed in oil-seed peony (Paeonia ostii Feng Dan). Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1631-1640.

Animal Science · Veterinary Medicine

Update of Meat Standards Australia and the cuts based grading scheme for beef and sheepmeat

Sarah P. F. Bonny, Rachel A. O’Reilly, David W. Pethick, Graham E. Gardner, Jean-Franços Hocquette, Liselotte Pannier

Changing markets and evolving consumer demand present new challenges for the beef and sheep industries. In response, the industry has been investing in innovations to deliver new products and management systems to consumers. One such innovation is the Meat Standards Australia (MSA) system. This system is a Total Quality Management System, aimed at delivering an eating quality guarantee to consumers, and through this adding value to the entire supply chain. At present, it is well developed for beef and still evolving for sheepmeat. MSA has identified Critical Control Points (CCPs) in the production, pre-slaughter, processing and value-adding aspects of the supply chain that impact on consumer palatability through the large-scale taste testing of meat by untrained consumers. These CCPs are used as either (1) mandatory criteria determining eligibility for grading, and (2) inputs in a model predicting the palatability of individual combinations of muscle and different cooking methods. Through the prediction of palatability, MSA increases consumer satisfaction and is used to provide assurance for branded products and new marketing innovations in Australia and internationally. This has added significant value to the Australian beef industry, with several retail examples demonstrating consumer willingness to pay more for premium quality beef and sheepmeat products based on the MSA grading scores. This price differential at retail allows the value of the carcass to be calculated based on the eating quality as well as the volume produced, thereby delivering a financial reward for farmers producing high quality carcasses. The continuous quality scale of MSA allows producers to realise the financial gain of incremental improvements in quality, as well as the precise economic weights associated with traits such as marbling, ossification score, or breed. The use of MSA in this fashion has underpinned a new and innovative supply chain where the pricing is transparent and allows producers to make informed decisions to modify both quality and yield traits. To date, the MSA system for beef has proved to be effective in predicting beef palatability not only in Australia but also in many other countries (France, Poland, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Japan, South Korea, New-Zealand, the USA and South Africa). In Europe, results of the ProSafeBeef and ProOptiBeef projects as well as other national projects demonstrate the potential to develop an MSA-like international grading system for the supply chain in the EU, despite the diverse cultures and complex beef production systems within the member states. International testing in lamb has only just begun and preliminary results are discussed here.

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Sarah P. F. Bonny, Rachel A. O’Reilly, David W. Pethick, Graham E. Gardner, Jean-François Hocquette, Liselotte Pannier. 2018. Update of Meat Standards Australia and the cuts based grading scheme for beef and sheepmeat. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1641-1654.    

Insertion site of FLAG on foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 G-H loop affects immunogenicity of FLAG

口蹄疫病毒VP1 G-H环FLAG标记的插入位点影响FLAG的免疫原性

ZHU Yuan-yuan, ZOU Xing-qi, BAO Hui-fang, SUN Pu, MA Xue-qing, LIU Zai-xin, FAN Hong-jie, ZHAO Qi-zu

本研究构建了猪源口蹄疫Cathay拓扑型O/CHA/90株感染性克隆，并在结构蛋白VP1 G-H环的RGD上游（-4）、RGD下游（+10）分别插入FLAG（DYKDDDDK）标记，拯救标记病毒vFLAG-O/CHA/90和vO/CHA/90-FLAG，以探索表达外源抗原的可能性及对其免疫原性的影响。标记病毒与亲本病毒vO/CHA/90表达相似的蚀斑形态、乳鼠致病力及抗原性。外源FLAG的插入没有改变标记病毒通过整联蛋白受体侵入细胞。标记疫苗可抵抗亲本毒攻击，且能诱导BALB/c小鼠和猪产生口蹄疫免疫抗体，但仅vFLAG-O/CHA/90标记疫苗诱导产生抗FLAG表位抗体。试验结果表明：RGD上游（-4）和下游（+10）两个位点都允许外源基因插入猪源口蹄疫O/CHA/90株，RGD上游（-4）作为新发现的、合适的外源FLAG插入位点，其标记病毒vFLAG-O/CHA/90有望成为口蹄疫标记疫苗候选毒株，用以区分自然感染动物和免疫动物。

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ZHU Yuan-yuan, ZOU Xing-qi, BAO Hui-fang, SUN Pu, MA Xue-qing, LIU Zai-xin, FAN Hong-jie, ZHAO Qi-zu. 2018. Insertion site of FLAG on foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 G-H loop affects immunogenicity of FLAG. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1655-1666.

Food Science

Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene and modified atmosphere packaging on fruit quality and superficial scald in Yali pears during storage

1-甲基环丙烯和自发气调包装对贮藏期‘鸭梨’果实品质和黑皮发生的影响

FENG Yun-xiao, CHENG Yu-dou, HE Jin-gang, LI Li-mei, GUAN Jun-feng

本研究分析了1-甲基环丙烯（1-methycyclopropene，1-MCP）和自发气调包装（modified atmosphere packaging，MAP）处理对冷藏及货架期‘鸭梨’果实品质和黑皮发生的影响。与MAP相比，1-MCP结合MAP处理（MAP+1-MCP）显著减少包装袋内CO₂和C₂H₄含量。1-MCP、MAP和MAP+1-MCP处理均可减少果皮黑皮发生，降低果皮丙二醛（MDA）含量、氧自由基产生速率及相对电导率，抑制α-法尼烯、共轭三烯生成。进一步研究显示，1-MCP 和MAP+1-MCP处理可保持较高的酚类物质含量，提高过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性，同时，降低黑皮发生期间果皮组织中的脂氧合酶活性，延缓多酚氧化酶活性的升高。综合分析结果表明，MAP+1-MCP为保持冷藏及货架期‘鸭梨’果实品质的最优处理方式。

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FENG Yun-xiao, CHENG Yu-dou, HE Jin-gang, LI Li-mei, GUAN Jun-feng. 2018. Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene and modified atmosphere packaging on fruit quality and superficial scald in Yali pears during storage. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1667-1675.

Multi-mycotoxin exposure and risk assessments for Chinese consumption of nuts and dried fruits

坚果和干果中多种真菌毒素污染及膳食摄入暴露风险评估

WANG Yu-jiao, NIE Ji-yun, YAN Zhen, LI Zhi-xia, CHENG Yang, Saqib Farooq

本研究检测分析了233份干果和坚果样品中的15种真菌毒素，包括黄曲霉毒素（AFs：AFB₁、AFB₂、AFG₁和AFG₂）、单端孢霉烯族毒素（TCs：T-2、ZEA、ENA、ENA₁、ENB、ENB₁和BEA）、链格孢霉属毒素（ATs：TEN、AOH和AME）和赭曲霉毒素（OTA和OTB），结果15种真菌毒素均有检出。46.7%的样品被真菌毒素污染，有2份样品AFB1含量超出国家标准。坚果、大枣、葡萄干、无花果干和桂圆干中真菌毒素污染水平分别为0.1–462.7、0.2–247.3、0.8–10.1、0.2–384.1和0.1–89.2 μg kg^–1，五种样品真菌毒素污染率从高到低分别为无花果干（80.0%）、桂圆干（60.0%）、大枣（57.1%）、坚果（43.6%）和葡萄干（26.7%）。分别使用确定性评估方法和概率性评估方法计算食用坚果和干果摄入的15种真菌毒素的每日摄入量估计值（EDI），通过确定性评估方法计算结果与其他国家地区的真菌毒素摄入量相对比，我国居民干果真菌毒素摄入值普遍较低。进一步风险确证结果表明，我国居民食用干果途经的单种TCs、ATs和OTA真菌毒素膳食摄入量和多种真菌毒素（TCs、ATs）合并摄入量均很低，对居民健康不会产生影响；我国居民食用干果途径的单种AFs真菌毒素摄入和四种AFs真菌毒素总摄入均呈现较低健康风险，但可以接受且低于其他国家地区的风险水平。

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WANG Yu-jiao, NIE Ji-yun, YAN Zhen, LI Zhi-xia, CHENG Yang, Saqib Farooq. 2018. Multi-mycotoxin exposure and risk assessments for Chinese consumption of nuts and dried fruits. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1676-1690.

Short Communication

Characterisation of pH decline and meat color development of beef carcasses during the early postmortem period in a Chinese beef cattle abattoir

基于一个肉牛屠宰企业研究肉牛宰后早期pH值的下降及肉色的变化

ZHANG Yi-min, David L. Hopkins, ZHAO Xiao-xiao, Remy van de Ven, MAO Yan-wei, ZHU Li-xian, HAN Guang-xing, LUO Xin

在我国一个比较典型的肉牛屠宰厂中，本研究监测了宰后早期肉牛的pH/温度下降和肉色的变化情况。研究利用自然三次样条函数拟合了经过pH值6.0的pH值/温度下降曲线。监测的97个肉牛胴体中，有6个的极限pH值大于等于6.10， 归为黑切牛肉，因此同时采集了6头中间型pH值和正常pH值的背最长肌用于监测宰后早期（24 h内）肉色的变化。结果显示，66.7%的胴体在最适的温度/pH 窗口之外，其中模型中pH值等于6.0时的温度低于理想值（12-35℃），表明该工厂的pH下降速率较慢，需要采取措施加大pH值的下降速率。同时发现，黑切牛肉在宰后12小时之内具有较低且较稳定的红度值、黄度值和色彩饱和度值，表明黑切牛肉的检出早于预想时间（宰后24h）。

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ZHANG Yi-min, David L. Hopkins, ZHAO Xiao-xiao, Remy van de Ven, MAO Yan-wei, ZHU Li-xian, HAN Guang-xing, LUO Xin. 2018. Characterisation of pH decline and meat color development of beef carcasses during the early postmortem period in a Chinese beef cattle abattoir. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(07): 1691-1695.